Yintoni izichazi kunye nezafobe, isifaniso, isimntwiso?

Ukuze abhale itekisi okanye benze i eqaqambileyo, anomtsalane kunye novakalelo, ababhali basebenzise ubuchule ezithile obugcisa, wabiza iindlela zemveli ngezafobe. Ezi ziquka: isikweko, walithiywa, isimntwiso, ubaxo, uthelekiso, zokuthetha, periphrasis, kunye namanye amanani zentetho apho igama okanye ibinzana elisetyenziswe ngendlela efuziselayo, ukuba benze konke oku ngakumbi ekhululekile.

Okulandelayo siza kufunda ukwahlula indlela ezityhutyhayo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela ukusetyenziswa kwazo.

Yintoni zizichazi nezikweko

Eyona njalo nazo ngolwimi boncwadi iyindlela yokuvakalisa zizichazi kunye izikweko.

Igama elithi "walithiywa" ngesiGrike imiselwe ku "application". Oko kukuthi, egameni sele ingcaciso umongo - kwenkcazelo leyo ngokucacileyo esizibonakalisa into okanye isenzeko. Eyona nto leyo kubonakaliswa walithiywa, khon 'ukuze abe into echazwe, uphelelise neemvakalelo layo kunye semantically.

Xa Ezolimi ne-lexicography kusekho akukho ithiyori eyamkelekileyo licacise ngqo ukuba epithets kunye izikweko. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuthetha malunga ezintathu iindidi zezichazi:

• Lulwimi - Nabo bomeleleyo, ngokufuthi zisetyenziswa intetho zoncwadi unxibelelwano (nombethe yesilivere, ingqele ekrakra, etc ...);
• intsomi isihobe - ezisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi intsomi (lupus virgin intetho elithozamisayo mnandi, etc ...);
• Umbhali ngamnye - adalwe ngababhali lwemisebenzi yoncwadi (kwingqalelo futlyarnoy (A. P. Chehov), amehlo scratchy (Gorky)).

Isikweko, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya epithets - ayikho nje ilizwi, kodwa ibinzana lisetyenziswa ngendlela yokomfuziselo. Izikweko zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ukufana okanye, icala, umahluko nayiphi na into okanye izinto.

Njani yaye nini kusetyenziswa isikweko

Ngaphezulu, yintoni iziphawuli kunye nezafobe, kwaye yintoni umahluko zabo, oko iqondwe ukuqonda ukuba iimfuno ezisisiseko ukuba ukusetyenziswa wale mithandazo ngokuphuma kwabo, ukukwazi engaqhelekanga ukwenza unxulumano ngokwasemoyeni kunye noncedo Fundisa isiganeko esithile okanye senzeko.

Nanku umzekelo nenkcazelo Nakuba esibhakabhakeni ebusuku kweli bali "Three" Gorky: "iMilky Way ilaphu yesilivere usolule lonke isibhakabhaka ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye - ukujonga ngaye amasebe umthi limnandi kunye buhlungu."

Ngokusebenzisa itemplate, walahlekelwa evela ekusetyenzisweni rhoqo ngokuphuma yayo nezikweko Ukwanda nakwiimvakalelo ukunciphisa umgangatho womsebenzi okanye intetho ayiwisileyo.

Akukho yingozi kangako kwaye inokuba kakhulu, ngobuninzi izafobe. Thina kwiimeko ezinjalo ngokungeyomfuneko komhlana ephambili, kutheni na kwaphulwa kunye nombono wayo.

Indlela ukwahlula phakathi Isafobe isichazi

Kule imisebenzi ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukwahlula ngqo leyo Siyanqumama isebenzisa yombhali. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ixesha elingakumbi siqonde ukufana, yintoni iziphawuli kunye izikweko.

Sikweko ayibobuchule entle, olusekelwe phezu isifaniso, amaxabiso transfer ngomfanekiso, ngokufana nathi, "Morning laugh iifestile. Amehlo akhe - ngeerubhi mnyama ".

walithiywa efanayo - yenye amatyala izafobe, kulula ukuba athi - definition wobugcisa ( "Ukuzifudumeza ubisi ngongcwalazi iinkwenkwezi enomkhenkce kubanda").

Ngokusekelwe yoku, sele unako ukuyiqonda into isikweko, walithiywa, isimntwiso kwaye kubafumana mzekelo ulandelayo: "Kuye lubonwa inaliti elide uleqa kunye isibhakabhaka echwayitileyo oluhlaza, ukususela amafu aphezulu luzizi, ilahla ..." (Ivan Bunin, "The Little romance ").

Kucacile ukuba kukho ziye zasetyenziswa nezikweko (amathontsi Yaphaphazela iinaliti elide), kunye nezichazi (ukusuka ngamafu nomsi) kunye isimntwiso (nesibhakabhaka fun blue).

Isimntwiso - isikweko, special ukuchaza

Ngoko ke yintoni na isikweko, walithiywa, isimntwiso? Oku, njengokuba usazi, kuthetha sengqondo yonxibelelwano malunga isenzeko okanye into, kukho uhlobo imibala ezikhethekileyo, ukuvumela ukwenza ebhaliweyo okanye uthethe ecacileyo nekulula.

Kwaye kule ngcelele ziyakwazi ukuchongeka isimntwiso - ezindleleni ezizodwa, ukuba imbali ende eyayiphila emva ubugcisa iintsomi. Nokuzenza - iyafana naleyo nje lo, ukugqithiselwa iimpawu abantu phezu nesenzeko okanye izinto eziphilayo.

Ngomhla ukusetyenziswa nokuzenza, wakha omnye kwisibizo ukuba uncwadi lwemveli iintlobo - intsomi.

Ngokungafaniyo tropes ezifana isikweko, walithiywa, isifaniso, isimntwiso - oko kwakhona ulwamkelo nenoqoqosho kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa oko, akukho mfuneko inkcazelo eneenkcukacha lo mbandela, kwanele ukuba uthelekise into sele eyaziwayo ukuba umbutho eziyimfuneko: "Hayi indlela kalujaca egubungele umququ ezidilikileyo ngesisu emhlabeni ingrown emaphandleni anganayo amahlwempu, abalimi hatenki anganayo" (JS Sokolov-Mikita, "yaBantwana").

Ukuba uthelekiso onjalo

Kunzima ukucinga ukuba umsebenzi abalwaziyo uthelekiso, ukuthelekiswa into ethile, izifaniso isiganeko omnye komnye, bakwazi luchaneke kakhulu, kuchazwe ngokucacileyo yaye kwangaxeshanye ukugqithisa isimo sakhe ancamathelayo kuzo.

Ezakudala uncwadi Russian ngobuchule Iyakwazi nokusebenzisa ubugcisa epithets, izikweko, izifaniso: "Xa oluhlaza, oluphahlwe iinkwenkwezi ezikhanyisayo ezulwini velvet Iipateni kwamahlamvu emnyama zazifana omnye umntu izandla ndizixakekise esibhakabhakeni ezama ukufikelela nenduli yayo" (Mxim Gorky, "Three" ).

amacala anzima ekumiseleni kuthelekiswa

Ngamanye amaxesha ezichazwe ngasentla indlela ezichazayo - lo mzekelo - kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukwahlula phakathi Kwiimeko apho isigwebo nje usebenzisa ilizwi kunye nemibutho "njani", "ntoni ukuba" yaye "ukuba", kodwa ezinye iinjongo.

Kwakhona - ezi epithets, izafobe, uthelekiso iindlela ezinceda ukutyebisa, "ngepeyinti", utshilo. Ngoko ke, kwisivakalisi "Sabona indlela ehamba iza ehlathini," akukho mzekelo, kukho umanyano, izihlanganisi iindawo kukho isivakalisi esimbaxa. Esi sindululo "Siye waphuma waya kwipaseji, apho sasiba koba mnyama kwaye liyabanda efihlakeleyo" (Bunin) ngokuthelekisa ecacile (yingqele efihlakeleyo).

Iindlela zokuthelekisa ibinzana

Kwaye ukuba kukho uthotho isikweko, walithiywa, isifaniso, isimntwiso ukuba ekugqibeleni ukujongana nayo yonke umzila, bahlale kancinane ngakumbi kwi uthelekiso.

Lubonakaliswa ngeendlela ezininzi:

• .. Ukusebenzisa ukuvukelwa ngala mazwi, "njani", "ngokuchanekileyo," "like," njalo njalo ( "iinwele zakhe ifukame njengoko ertyisi zeepali");
• isiphawulo lokuthelekisa isidanga okanye isihlomelo ( "ulwimi incakuba libukhali");
• noun ablative ( "entliziyweni a umlonji sang uthando");
• kwaye ukcola (usebenzisa amagama "like", "efanayo" njalo. d.).

Yintoni isibaxo

Ukususela ukusetyenziswa tropes ezifana isikweko, walithiywa, isifaniso, isibaxo na lokuceba ethile, ingongoma ngendlela ebaxiweyo. Ababhali abaninzi lula usebenzisa le ndlela: "Yena kakhulu impassive, ezinye ilitye, ubuso umhlwa."

Kuba ubuchule itanjenti kunganxulunyaniswa nelamaRafa fabulous, kunye Thumbelina, kunye Umntwana kunye ubhontsi, uphila sentsomi. Yaye epics isibaxo - lophawu ebalulekile: Silushka zamaqhawe soloko eqolo, kwaye utshaba - inani ekrakra nangaphandle.

Nditsho kwintetho yemihla ngemihla inokufumaneka isibaxo: "! Siye abangabubonanga enye kwenye iminyaka eliwaka" Okanye "iphalale lulwandle iinyembezi."

Isafobe walithiywa Uthelekiso hyperbola kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa, ukwenza uthelekiso itanjenti okanye nokuzenza nezikweko ( "imvula yayisina udonga okuqinileyo").

Ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ezityhutyhayo ziya kwenza intetho yakho kanti eliqaqambileyo

Ngelo xesha omnye V. G. Belinsky wayesithi ukuba ndithethe kakuhle, ndithethe kakuhle - ukuba asiyonto inye leyo. Ngapha koko, nokuba ngongenakukhalazelwa ukusuka kwindawo umbono igrama, kusenokuba nzima ukuba baqonde.

Niqonde ukusuka ngentla, mhlawumbi sele ntoni isikweko, walithiywa, isimntwiso, kwaye bakwazi ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuya kukunceda ukuba ukufunda efanayo uyaba le ezakudala - njengoko unako kuthathwa isicelo umgangatho wazo zonke ukuqhama zobugcisa ulwimi Russian.

Fumana isalwazi imigca Gogol esithi: "... Amagama ezifana neentyatyambo, ezifana ithenda, amanzi futhi eliqaqambileyo ...", apho isethi elincinane wengcibi yokuluka kuthetha umbhali likwazile adlulise intsingiselo ngokucacileyo umbono wakhe isandi samazwi. Kwaye khumbula, ukuba isikweko, walithiywa ubaxo - zizixhobo ottochat intetho yakho, ngoko ke, kufuneka ufunde ukuyisebenzisa kubo!