Yintoni ingxaki free-rider, indlela yokusombulula ngayo

Xa ezoqoqosho, ingxaki free-rider ivela xa abo bazisebenzise ezi zincedisi zokufundisa, iimpahla kunye neenkonzo, musa ukuhlawula kubo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni inani labo kunciphisa. Bonke abanye kufuneka uhlawule kubo ngakumbi. Ukuba inani stowaways liyaqhubeka ukwanda, kunokwenzeka ukuba imveliso elungileyo eyeka ngokupheleleyo. Umbuzo ophambili kukuba ukunciphisa indlela frirayderstvo nefuthe elibi ngayo. kuvela ingxaki rider ezamahala xa amalungelo empahla azichazwanga ngokucacileyo kwaye kulawulwa ngendlela eyiyo.

Overview

Xa umntu omnye ukuba uthenge itikiti lebhasi, aze akhwele ukuba ukusebenza, singadali naziphi na iingxaki kuqoqosho. Ngoko oku kuya kongela inxalenye yebhajethi yazo. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba uqala ukwenza abaninzi kangaka? Ngenxa into eza kuhlawulwa ukuba umsebenzi kumqhubi, ukulungiswa kunye uthenga iibhasi ezintsha? Kungenzeka, umnini uya kuzama ukomeleza ulawulo kunye nokwanda nezohlwayo. Ukuba itikiti ibhasi ukuze ukuthenga iya kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uninzi abakhweli, le ndlela iya kuvalwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba bachaphazeleka nje kuphela abo bangazange ukuhlawula, kodwa abemi ngendlela elungileyo.

ingxaki free-rider Ingakumbi eqhelekileyo ukwabiwa kwempahla karhulumente. Ziphakama xa intlawulo kuzo ngokuzithandela. A efanayo isetyenziswa theory thethwano, umthetho antitrust, ngezengqondo kunye nenzululwazi kwezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, amanye amalungu eqela ingaqala ngaphantsi wazibeka ngaphandle, ukuba bakholelwa ukuba uye freeriders. Injalo imeko efanayo phambi amalungu eemanyano zabasebenzi olungenabulungisa. Umzekelo okuphawuleka inkcitho yokuzikhusela. Umntu akakwazi ukuhlawula irhafu, kodwa usenako balindele umgangatho ofanayo wokhuseleko njengabanye abantu.

Njengoko ingcamango kwezoqoqosho

Ukuba sithethe yintoni na ingxaki free-rider, umongo yayo kushwankathelwa kwinto yokuba kukho iqela elithile labantu kuxhamla ukusetyenziswa kwempahla, kodwa ukuhlawula kubo. Oku kukhokelela underproduction. Oku kungenxa nokungasebenzi Pareto. ukusebenza Free-rider iboniswa isitokhwe resource, ezo nesakhiwo salo lonke, nto leyo luya zazo ngokukhawuleza. kakhulu kunzima ukuba babele izibonelelo ezifana ngokufanelekileyo, kuba ulawulo ayinalo ulwazi oluyimfuneko. Ukuba ubuza abantu indlela bahlole iindleko zabo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibukele kuye. Ukongeza, ukwabiwa kwempahla karhulumente, kunzima ukuba zingabandakanywa ukusuka neye. Ukuba abantu abaninzi kakhulu ukuqala ukubukela kunye freeriding, ngoko ekugqibeleni kuya kufika ixesha xa inkqubo okanye inkonzo ukuba ayeke ukusebenza ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali.

Imibuzo yophando

Iyintoni na intsingiselo ingxaki freerider (freerider, yomvundla, ukufeza), ngenkuthalo ukufuna neengcali kummandla yoluntu economics zecandelo. Inxalenye abemi ukuba bazikhwebule irhafu, iyenza ubukho nzima ngakumbi ezinye yabemi. Le umba abazinikele Wicksell, Lindahl kunye Musgrave. indawo yabo umdla yaba kwisigaba irhafu olusebenzayo. Le ngxaki benza iingcali kwishishini, ubudlelwane yoqoqosho lwehlabathi, ithiyori imibutho ukudityaniswa, ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo. Kodwa freeriding abazinikele kakubi kuncwadi yesizwe. Uninzi iimpapasho ngalo mbandela kunxulumene kuqoqosho ethunzini.

figure freerider

ingxaki rider yokuzikhethela neziphumo ezilandelayo:

• underproduction impahla karhulumente;
• zisiba yabo;
• luya ngokugqithisileyo izixhobo ezisetyenziswa yi bonke.

Umzekelo classic yi "intlekele ekuhlaleni." Oku kwenzeka xa iqela msetyenzana ekwanti somhlaba. Ukuba ngaba nokulawula okanye ukulawula ubungakanani amathokazi bakudliswa, kungekudala abayi kuba nako ukusebenzisa enye.

freerider kunjalo - ke umntu lowo akenzi isixa esithile semali ukuze kuxhamle ndibaphelise nje kuphela. Ingxaki, yaye xa ayihlawuli kuba ngezinye iindlela. Ngokomzekelo, xa emkhosini, ubonelelo oogxa iinkonzo sikweni, umsebenzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ulwazi. izenzo Freerider zichasene zezimilo, ezentlalo kunye nezithethe iqela zokuziphatha, umthetho wesizwe kunye ngamazwe. Oku kuziphatha ubumi oqotho. Kwaye nefuthe elibi bonke abanye abasebenzisi ezilungileyo zoluntu. ingxaki Free-Umkhweli inxulumene nomba ubulungisa kwezentlalo.

ukuchongwa free-bekhwele

Ukuchonga freerider, kufuneka kuqala kuqinisekisa ubukho ngenelo. izithuthi Stowaway onokuthi ngabom ukuhlawula yokuhamba ulibale ukuba awenze. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba sahlule freerider kwaye isifundo akazi ngemfuneko ukuba ahlawule. Le yokugqibela asikwazi ukuqonda odla yomphakathi. ingxaki Free-rider lokwazisa unxulunyaniswa utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Uninzi impahla karhulumente luphawulwa isakhiwo kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo. Ngoko ke, kunzima ukumisela ukuba zeziphi ikhonkco yaqala ukubonakala freeriders.

Ingxaki underestimation kwempahla karhulumente

Ukuba ubuza umntu xa uthe wahlawula ngokwaneleyo, yena kungenzeka ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo kwi-negative. Nangona kunjalo, siya bavame Sisenokungayiqondi umsebenzi kwabanye. Ivela nempahla karhulumente. imveliso lwabo amaninzi ngokuyinxenye ngezimali ngurhulumente. Ukongeza, kudla ngokuba nzima kwangaphambili ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo zonke iindleko, ngoko ke ixabiso zoluntu ezilungileyo kwehliswe.

Izinto ezibangela stowaways

Amaninzi, freeriding - ukukhetha abazi kunye nendawo ebomini. Vanhu lava nga ingqalelo elungileyo, zaza zanyanzelisa engeyomfuneko. Kwakhona imeko kunokwenzeka xa benganelisekanga ubulunga bayo. Esinye isizathu ingeniso iphantsi yabemi. Kulo mzekelo, abantu efuna indlela yokuphepha iindleko ezongezelelweyo kunye nolondolozo ngale ndlela. Noko ke, ukuba stowaways ngenxa mgangathweni yenkonzo, nokuba ingaphuculwa njani na xa kukho intsilelo esingapheliyo imali ngenxa kubo? It is a isangqa eqhubekayo.

Ukusombulula le ngxaki, kufuneka utshintshe indlela kwezoqoqosho kakhulu kwendalo kwempahla karhulumente, ezezimali nokusela. Iingcali ezininzi zifanele ukuba inguqu yabo impahla kunye neenkonzo ukuze bazisebenzise. Icandelo Abezopolitiko limele a ukumiswa, umz, amanzi, igesi, umbane non-abangahlawuliyo okwethutyana. Kodwa, oku kufuna ukuba sikhokelo yowiso-mthetho olusebenzayo.

Freerider ngaphakathi umbutho

Olunye udidi ingxaki free-rider kukusetyenziswa noosomashishini abanganyanisekanga indawo evumayo wadala ngamanye noosomashishini. Freeriding kwenzeka xa umntu usebenza phantsi "owazenza" lophawu ethile, kodwa akwenzi naliphi igalelo umfanekiso wayo omhle. Omnye umzekelo inokuba unjingalwazi kwiyunivesithi eyaziwayo engaganwanga kwimisebenzi zenzululwazi. Yamkelekile iinzuzo imisebenzi yayo, kodwa isandla kwiSebe simo ukuba iyasebenza. Kwakhona enikeziwe odlala le Bolshoi Theatre, kungekhona ukuze baphucule izakhono zabo. Esebenza kuphela "umqondiso," yaye yena akayi kwenza na igalelo elizayo kwiziko. Ingxaki efanayo ezinokuvela wombutho wabasebenzi okanye nawuphi na umbutho. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, iinkampani ezininzi do not translate ibe isiseko franchise kuyo yonke imisebenzi. Ngoko uyakwazi ukulawula umgangatho weenkonzo ngabanikezi.

Kukho freeriding ngaphakathi embuthweni. Lowo uvela xa iqela labantu babe nethuba ukuze imisebenzi yabo. Ukuba asuse Iinkampani ngokutsha. Ukuphunyezwa kwe lo msebenzi kufuneka wenziwe ulawulo olusebenzayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba elikhulu iqela, kokukhona uqala ukuma ingxaki free-rider. Kwaye oko kukunikwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo olunzulu zomqeshwa ngamnye. Kaninzi ku freeriders ubhaqo iindleko akufanele isiphumo ngenxa.

iziphumo kunokwenzeka

Solution ingxaki free-rider Ngumsebenzi karhulumente. Le nto kufuneka kuphela imimiselo zomthetho kodwa iindlela nokunyanzelwa kwawo karhulumente. Amaninzi, urhulumente isicelo amanyathelo ukuthintela ukuhla komgangatho wemo engqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemithombo yobutyebi. Ezi zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweerhafu ezahlukeneyo nokukhuthaza iminikelo. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba uluntu iguqulelwa impahla zabucala.

practice

ERashiya, ingxaki free-rider, imizekelo apho zifumaneka kuzo zonke iinkalo unxibelelwano noluntu, kuxhaphakile kakhulu. yinxaxheba karhulumente esoloko kuyanda kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Ifuna nje ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo iindlela zorhwebo, kodwa ukunciphisa iingxaki zentlalo nezoqoqosho.

Noko ke, imfuneko urhulumente njengoko Umlawuli kakhulu impikiswano. Ekuhambeni kwethuba elide oku kunokuba nelahleko ebonakalayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuvelisa uluntu izibonelelo zikarhulumente ezilungiselelwe irhafu. Kwaye kule ndawo na emgceni, njengoko sele sibonile, ingxaki ka free-wokuhamba. Ngoko ke, apha ukulinganisela ebalulekileyo phakathi indima karhulumente kunye nemibutho nezenzo amaqela amancinane abantu. ukubandakanyeka Urhulumente nokwenzeka kakhulu ukudala ebizwa ngokuba yi-ngempahla kawonke ecocekileyo, kodwa kwimveliso ogalelwe okusemandleni akhe ukuba ukunciphisa.