Yintoni i organelle? Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi organelles. Organelles ye cell zezityalo. Organelles leeseli zezilwanyana

Iseli - na inqanaba umbutho mba, ophilileyo inkqubo zebhayoloji ozimeleyo, nto leyo eye iimpawu ezingundoqo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokomzekelo, iyakwazi ukuphuhlisa, nande, ukuhamba, ukulungelelanisa kunye notshintsho. Ngaphezu koko, semvelo iiseli ukutya, isakhiwo esithile, izakhiwo odola kunye nemisebenzi.

Inzululwazi ojongene isifundo weseli - i cytology. isifundo yawo iyunithi noshowo izilwanyana multicellular kunye nezityalo, elilodwa single-- iintsholongwane, lenyama kwakunye nezityalo, ebandakanya iseli enye.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo umbutho jikelele iiyunithi noshowo eziphilayo, baya kuba inwebu yaye kwasekwa kunye nucleolus. Kwakhona, bona ziqulathe organelles yeseli kukho icytoplasm. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iindlela ngeendlela ephuhliswe kakhulu uphando, kodwa indawo ephambili kuhlala microscopy, nto leyo evumela ukuba bafunde isakhiwo iiseli kwaye ukuphonononga izinto zalo ezisisiseko zesakhiwo.

Yintoni i organelle?

Organelles (zibizwa organelles) - esisigxina izinto usemthethweni naziphi na iiseli ezenza kube epheleleyo kwaye enze imisebenzi ethile. Esi sakhiwo, nto leyo ingundoqo nokugcina umsebenzi wayo.

Ngu organelles ziquka ngumongo, lysosomes, reticulum endoplasmic nezixhobo Golgi, vacuoles kunye vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, kunye neziko iseli (centrosome). Apha zikwaquka nezakhiwo eyenza iseli cytoskeleton (microfilaments kunye microtubules) melanosomes. Kufuneka kwakhona bonisa intshukumo organelle. It isiliya, misila kunye myofibrils pseudopodia.

Zonke ezi zakhiwo zihlobene kwaye zinika umsebenzi olulungelelanisiweyo of iiseli. Kungenxa yoko le nto lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na le organelle" - bangawuphendula lo licandelo ukuba lifike umzimba omzimba multicellular.

organelles yokuhlela

Iiseli azilingani ngobukhulu kunye nemilo, kwakunye nemisebenzi yabo, kodwa ayafana kubume kwemichiza kunye siseko umbutho omnye. Umbuzo yintoni na nokuba yintoni na isakhiwo organelle, ingxoxo ngokwaneleyo. Umzekelo, lysosomes okanye vacuoles wambi ekubhekiselelwe organelles ngokuba cellular.

Ukuba sithethe ukuhlelwa iiseli kula macandelo, ezingasese organelles non-inwebu kunye ndizayo. Non-inwebu - iziko iseli kunye ribosome. Organelle intshukumo (microtubules kunye microfilaments) nazo kuhluthwa inwebu.

Ubume ngenxa organelles membranous kulele ubukho inwebu eziphilayo. Odnomebrannye organelles dvumembrannye kwaye isale isakhiwo efanayo, nto leyo equka umaleko kabini phospholipids kunye iimolekyuli protein. It esahlula kukho icytoplasm ukusuka kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle, loo nto inceda ukugcina imilo cell. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kwi plant cells ukongezelela inwebu lisekhona na engaphandle neselulosi istili, ekuthiwa udonga iseli. Iqhuba umsebenzi exhasayo.

Ngu inwebu organelles ziquka EPS, lysosomes kunye mitochondria kunye plastids kunye lysosomes. imifinya yabo kwahluka kuphela kwi isethi iiprothini.

Ukuba sithethe ubuchule esebenzayo organelles, ezinye zazo ziyakwazi nokulungelelanisa izinto ezithile. Ngenxa yoko, intlaka yokuhlanganisa iminombo echumileyo organelles ezibalulekileyo - mitochondria, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume ATP. plastids Ribosomes (chloroplasts) kunye reticulum rough endoplasmic onoxanduva protein yokuqaphela, EBL agudileyo - kuba Yindibanisela lipids kunye carbohydrate.

Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi organelles zolwimi ngokunzulu.

core

Le organelle kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba xa luthe lwancothulwa iiseli bayeke ukusebenza baze bafe.

Isiqalo uba inwebu kabini, nto leyo iba ezininzi pores. Ngabo kuyo ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene reticulum endoplasmic kunye icytoplasm. Le organelle iquka chromatin - zofuzo ukuba iiproteni entsonkothileyo DNA. Inoku engqondweni, singatsho ukuba undoqo organelle elinoxanduva ukulondoloza imali esisiseko zofuzo.

Inxalenye ulwelo lwe kernel ekuthiwa karyoplasm. Iqulathe izakhiwo ezingundoqo iimveliso ubomi. I densest ndawo - nucleolus, leyo likwaneklinkhi i ribosome iiproteni ezintsonkothileyo RNA, kwakunye potassium phosphate, nemagnesium, izinc, intsimbi kunye calcium. Nucleolus ubalekela ngaphambili kwicandelo yeseli , kwaye abunjwe kwakhona kwi zigaba zokugqibela zenkqubo.

reticulum Endoplasmic (reticulum)

EPS - organelle odnomembranny. Kuthatha isiqingatha cell umthamo kwaye iquka tubular kunye namatanki, abaqhagamshelwe kunye, kwakunye inwebu cytoplasmic kunye iqokobhe olungaphandle ngumongo. Le inwebu le organelle unalo isakhiwo esifanayo plazmalema. Esi sakhiwo ihlanganiswe kwaye akafuni ukuvula kungena kukho icytoplasm.

reticulum Endoplasmic yi anencasa granular (rough). Kwi iqokobhe lwangaphakathi EPM granular obekwe ribosome apho protein amagama lwenzeka. Kumphezulu agudileyo ribosomes reticulum endoplasmic abangekhoyo, kodwa apha engekangeni Yindibanisela carbohydrate kunye namafutha.

Zonke izinto ezithi eqalisiweyo reticulum endoplasmic, zigqithiselwe yi kwinkqubo tubules kunye imibhobho ukuya kwiindawo apho ababeyiqwebile kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezinto kamva.

Ngenxa isakhono synthesizing EPS reticulum gritty ibekwe iiseli umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala - ukuyilwa iiprothini kunye agudileyo - iiseli synthesizing iicarbohydrate kunye namafutha. Ukongeza, le reticulum agudileyo baziqwebele ion calcium eziyimfuneko ukuze eqhelekileyo yokusebenza iiseli, okanye yonke eziphilayo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba EPS indawo lokusekwa izixhobo Golgi.

Lysosomes, kunye nemisebenzi yazo

Lysosomes - ezi organelles cellular leyo thaca pouches odnomembrannymi iienzyme ajikelezayo kwaye hydrolytic yokusila (proteases, lipases kunye nucleases). Kuba Umxholo uphawu bume asidi of lysosomes. data imifinya namabandla angamvaleli ukusuka kukho icytoplasm, nokuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa nezinye iincindi noshowo iiseli. Xa wakhululwayo, enzayim yenyani kungena kukho icytoplasm yeseli self-intshabalalo yenzeka - autolysis.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba enqanda ikakhulu kuhlelwe phezu reticulum rough endoplasmic, waza ke waya izixhobo Golgi. Apha ukuba ilungiswe, zahlanganiswa vesicles inwebu iqale ukuba sahlukane babe amacandelo ezizimeleyo yeseli - lysosomes, leyo zamabanga aphakamileyo.

lysosomes Primary - nezakhiwo wahluliwe izixhobo Golgi, kwaye secondary (vacuoles yokusila) - lawo akhiwa ngenxa ngxubevange lysosomes eziziiprayimari vacuoles endocytotic.

Banikwa isakhiwo kunye umbutho uyakwazi ukuchonga nguwona msebenzi lysosomes:

• ekugayeni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwiseli;
• ekutshatyalalisweni kwezakhiwo cellular angafunekiyo;
• ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuhlanganisa iinkqubo iseli.

vacuoles

Vacuoles - odnomembrannye kule organelle imilo ungqukuva, ezo amadama ngamanzi kwaye ichithwe khona khompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Xa ukuyilwa izakhiwo data inxaxheba izixhobo Golgi kunye EPS.

Iseli isilwanyana vacuoles bit. Zizinto ezincinane ukulidla akukho ngaphezulu kwe-5% of umthamo. engundoqo indima yabo - ngokubonelela izinto zothutho kuzo kwiseli.

Vacuoles of plant cells makhulu kwaye uthabathe ukuya kwi-90% kulo mqulu. Xa iseli oqolileyo uye vacuole omnye kuphela, nto leyo usesikhundleni engundoqo. inwebu lalo kuthiwa tonoplast kunye nesiqulatho - cell incindi. Imisebenzi ephambili vacuoles sisityalo - ngokubonelela ombane iseli inwebu, ukuqokelela iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo iiseli ngamanxuwa. Ngaphezu koko, ezi organelles iseli isityalo amanzi ayimfuneko inkqubo ifotosinthesisi.

Ukuba sithethe malunga nokuqulunqwa yeseli SAP, ngoko iquka izinto ezilandelayo:

• indawo - asidi eziphilayo, iikhabhohayidrethi kunye neeproteni, ezithile acid acid;
• zithako leyo akhiwa ngexesha umsebenzi iseli kwaye efunde kuyo (sezakhi, phenols kunye tannins);
• iihomoni eguqukayo kwaye plant;
• ngombala, ngalo iziqhamo, iingcambu kunye ezinamagqabi ukuba zipeyintwe umbala efanelekileyo.

Golgi complex

Ubume be-organelles ngokuba "izixhobo Golgi" ilula. Xa plant cells, ukuba kuvela njengoko eyahlukileyo ithole inwebu kwizisele isilwanyana zimelwe amatanki, imisele maqampu. Iyunithi noshowo zakhiwo Golgi - it dictyosome, nto leyo limelwe isipha ka 4-6 "amatanki" kunye amaqamza amancinci ukuba wabahlula, kwaye inkqubo yezothutho intracellular, kwaye nako ukukhonza njengomthombo lysosomes. Dictyosomes inani ekungabonini ukusuka kwelinye ukuya amakhulu ambalwa.

Golgi complex, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuphi ngumongo. In iiseli animal - kufuphi nombindi kwiseli. Imisebenzi ephambili yezi organelles oku kulandelayo:

• secretion kunye zemali iiprothini, lipids kunye saccharides;
• ukuguqulwa organic nghena Golgi ezintsonkothileyo;
• Le organelle linxiwa ukuyilwa lysosomes.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba EPS, yenyani, lo vacuole, izixhobo golgi kwaye ndawonye bakha tubular vacuolar-nkqubo leyo esahlula iseli kumacandelo ahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi ehambelana. Ukongeza, le nkqubo inika uhlaziyo rhoqo ngena kwiseli.

Mitochondria - plant cells amandla

Mitochondria - dvumembrannye intonga-ezifana organelles, uhlobo ungqukuva okanye filamentary, leyo nokulungelelanisa ATP. Sinaye umphezulu bangaphandle i inwebu engaphakathi izwakale nezibaya ezininzi, ebizwa cristae. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inani cristae le mitochondria usenokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zamandla yeseli. Yeyona inwebu yangaphakathi ukuya kwizakhiwo enzyme ezininzi nokulungelelanisa adenosine triphosphate. Apha amandla iibhondi yemichiza iguqulelwa kwi kunxibelelwano ATP-amandla esisityebi. Ngaphezu koko, kule mitochondria udlula cleavage of okunamafutha acid kunye carbohydrate kunye kuphuma amandla, nto leyo agcinwa kwaye isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ukukhula kunye yokuqaphela.

data lwangaphakathi ngoLwesithathu organelles wabiza matrix. Liquka ijikazi DNA kunye RNA, ribosome encinane. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo mitochondria - ezi organelles semi-lizimele, kuba baxhomekeke nokusebenza yeseli, kodwa ngaxeshanye, uyakwazi ukugcina ukuzimela ethile. Ngenxa yoko, baye bakwazi ukuba nokulungelelanisa iiprothini zabo kunye nee-enzayim, kwakunye zizalana ngokwabo.

Kukholelwa ukuba mitochondria kwenzeka xa angene umkhosi cell eziphilayo aerobic prokaryotic, ekhokelela ukuyilwa ngendlela entsonkothileyo bokubambisana ethile. Ngenxa yoko, DNA ayo na isakhiwo esifanayo DNA iintsholongwane mihla kunye protein amagama in mitochondria kunye iintsholongwane elinganeno yi-antibiotics efanayo.

Plastids - i organelles yeseli izityalo

Plastids ezi organelles enkulu ngokwaneleyo. Zikhona kuphela plant cells kwaye akhiwa izandulela - proplastids ziqulathe DNA. Ezi organelles zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ukutya uze wahluliwe kukho icytoplasm yi inwebu kabini. Ukongezelela, ukuze zenze inkqubo oda ngenwebu yangaphakathi.

Plastids zibaluleke iintlobo ezintathu:

1. Chloroplasts - uninzi plastids ezininzi bajongene photosynthesis apho akhiwa khompawundi organic kunye mpilo. Ezi zithinteli kufuneka libe nesakhiwo entsonkothileyo kwaye eshukumayo kwi icytoplasm ukuya kumthombo wokukhanya. Eyona impahla ifumaneka chloroplasts - yiklorofili, ngalo izityalo banokusebenzisa amandla kwelanga. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba chloroplasts iyafana mitochondria izakhiwo semiautonomous aye angakwazi kwisahlulo elizimeleyo kunye Yindibanisela iiprothini zayo.
2. Leucoplasts - plastids enemibala emihle, leyo, phantsi amanyathelo bokukhanya uguqulwa chloroplasts. La macandelo iseli ziquka enzymes. Nabo, glucose iguqulelwa ize igcinwe ngendlela granules starch. Kwezinye izityalo ezi plastids asinakukwazi ukulandisa lipids okanye weeproteni ngohlobo ziikristale kunye namaqumrhu amorphous. Eli nani likhulu leucoplasts buzinze iiseli amalungu angaphantsi kwezityalo.
3. Chromoplasts - yezabelo ezinye iintlobo ezimbini plastids. Bona kwakheka carotenoids (ngentshabalalo yiklorofili), nto leyo obomvu, otyheli okanye naorenji. Chromoplasts - inguqu Inqanaba lokugqibela plastids. Uninzi kubo eso siqhamo, iintyatyambo kunye yasekwindla.

ribosomes

Yintoni organelle ekuthiwa le ribosome? Ribosomes kuthiwa organelle non-inwebu, ezibandakanya amaqhekeza ezimbini (encinane kunye elikhulu enganeno). ububanzi sabo malunga 20 NM. Bona ifumaneka iiseli zonke iintlobo. Oku organelles zeeseli zezilwanyana nezityalo, iintsholongwane. Ezi zithinteli eqalisiweyo core, ize ke idluliselwe kwi icytoplasm apho ibekwe okubi okanye eqhotyoshelwe kule EPS. Kuxhomekeka iimpawu synthesizing umsebenzi ribosome wedwa okanye idityaniswe kwi izakhiwo, ukwakha polyribosomes. Kulo mzekelo, aba non-inwebu lonyanzeliso organelles isithunywa RNA mpilo.

A ribosome iqulethe molekyuli 4 p-RNA, nto leyo kwenza isakhelo, kwakunye njengeprotini ezahlukeneyo. Eyona yenjongosenzi organoid - abaqokelela ikhonkco polypeptide, leyo linqanam lokuqala protein yokuqaphela. Abo ziiproteni ziveliswa ribosomes le reticulum endoplasmic, zinokusetyenziswa umzimba. Neeproteni iimfuno ngamnye yeseli kuhlelwe yi ribosomes, apho ibekwe kukho icytoplasm. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ribosomes nazo zifumaneka mitochondria kunye plastids.

cell cytoskeleton

Iseli cytoskeleton wambumba microtubules kunye microfilaments. Microtubules ezi zezindlu owabumba 24 NM ubukhulu. ubude yabo 100 mm-1 mm. The main amacandelo - iproteni ekuthiwa tubulin. Akakwazi ukuba osulelwe kwaye kutshatyalaliswa yintshukumo colchicine. Microtubules izinze hyaloplasm ze yenze le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• ukudala bhetyebhetye, kodwa ngaxeshanye, kukho iiseli eyomeleleyo amathambo, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukugcina ukwakheka kwalo;
• ukuthatha inxaxheba kulwabiwo zofuzo iseli;
• ukunika intshukumo ye organelles;
• equlethwe iziko yeseli, kwakunye misila kunye isiliya.

Microfilaments - nemisonto zibekwe phantsi le inwebu plasma kwaye yabhalwa leeprothini actin okanye myosin. Bayakwazi kuncitshiswa, kunye isiphumo ukuba kukho intshukumo ye kukho icytoplasm kunye iseli ndizayo Buze. Ukongeza, ezi macandelo inxaxheba lokusekwa esinqeni ngexesha hlula cell.

iziko Cell (centrosome)

Le organelle ubunjwe centrioles amabini kunye tsentrosfery. imilo Centriole zezindlu. neendonga zaso zenziwe microtubules ezintathu, nto leyo idibane nenye nge crosslinks. zilungiselelwe ngababini Centriole kwigophe lasekunene omnye komnye. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iiseli eziphezulu isityalo kuswela ezi organelles.

Eyona Indima yeziko iseli - ukuqinisekisa nokuba ukuhanjiswa zofuzo ngexesha hlula cell. Naye ke embindini nokucwangciswa cytoskeleton.

movement organelle

Ukwenza intshukumo organelles of isiliya kunye misila. Oku Amahlathi amancinci ngohlobo kweenwele. Msila 20 iquka microtubules. isiseko yakhe ise-icytoplasm kwaye sibizwa umzimba Uhlobo Lokuqala. ubude msila yi-100 m okanye ngaphezulu. Misila, ezo microns 10-20 kuphela, ebizwa isiliya. Sliding microtubules of isiliya kunye misila bayakwazi oscillate, ibangela intshukumo ye cell. Le kukho icytoplasm isenokuba fibrils contractile, leyo ibizwa ngokuba myofibrils - it organelles iiseli zezilwanyana. Myofibrils ngokuqhelekileyo zibekwe iiseli zezihlunu - iiseli zezihlunu, kwakunye kwiiseli zentliziyo. Ziqulethe kwimicu ezincinci (protofibrils).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iinyanda myofibril kuquka ifayibha ezimnyama - na Recordable anisotropic, kwakunye amagqabantshintshi - oko isotropic adume ngazo. unit lokwakheka myofibril - sarcomere. Le isabelo phakathi anisotropic kunye disk isotropic eye actin kunye myosin kwayo. Nge sarcomere yabo endiza kunciphisa kwenzeka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni intshukumo zonke imicu kwezihlunu. Oku kusebenzisa amandla ATP kunye calcium ion.

Ngoncedo lwe misila lenyama kunye spermatozoa ezihambayo izilwanyana. Isiliya iintshukumo zomzimba ciliate-izihlangu. Kwezilwanyana kunye yabantu akugubungele yomoya womoya kunye nokunceda ukuba balahle mba kwamaqondo eparticulate ocoliweyo obufana nothuli. Ukongeza, kukho pseudopodia ezibonelela intshukumo amoeboid na izinto eziphilayo ezininzi kwiseli kunye nezilwanyana (umz, leukocytes) iiseli.

Uninzi izityalo azikwazi ukuhamba esithubeni. iintshukumo zazo wokukhula, iintshukumo amagqabi kunye notshintsho kwiseli flow kukho icytoplasm.

isiphelo

Nangona zonke iindidi iiseli, bonke babe isakhiwo efanayo kunye umbutho. Ubume kunye umsebenzi organelles babe iipropati afanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza yesiqhelo njenge iseli enye, kunye nezinto eziphilayo yonke.

Singenza le patheni ilandelayo.

Uluhlu "organelles leeseli eukaryotic,"

organelle	cell plant	zooblast	nemisebenzi esisiseko
core	i	i	Ukugcina DNA, RNA umbhalo kanye protein yokuqaphela
reticulum endoplasmic	i	i	Yindibanisela iiprothini, lipids kunye carbohydrate, ukuqokelelela ion calcium, Golgi ukwakheka complex
mitochondria	i	i	ATP ezwi enzyme kunye neeproteni
plastids	i	akukho	inxaxheba photosynthesis, sibe otashi, lipids, iiprotheni, carotenoids
ribosome	i	i	ukuqokelela chain polypeptide (protein yokuqaphela)
microtubules kunye microfilaments	i	i	ukuba iseli ukugcina imilo ethile lukwa yinxalenye kweziko yeseli, isiliya kunye misila ukunika ngokwentshukumo organelles
lysosomes	i	i	ekugayeni kwezinto ngaphakathi esiseleni, etshabalalisa izakhiwo zayo engafunwayo ababandakanyekayo ngokuhlanganisa iiseli kubangela autolysis
a vacuole enkulu central	i	akukho	Inika ombane yeseli udonga oluhlala izondlo kunye neemveliso inkunkuma yeseli, eguqukayo kwaye phytohormones, kwakunye zombala, kwechibi lamanzi
Golgi complex	i	i	likhipha kwaye oqokelela iiprothini, lipids kunye carbohydrate, Kuchaza izondlo bangene iseli, inoxanduva kwakhiwe lysosomes
cytocentrum	apho, ngaphandle kwezityalo eziphezulu	i	Yeyona embindini nokucwangciswa cytoskeleton, inika efanayo chromosome ukwahlukaniswa ngexesha division cell
myofibrils	akukho	i	ukunika ukuncipha kwezihlunu kwezihlunu

Ukuba izigqibo, singatsho ukuba kukho umahluko ezincinane phakathi kwiiseli izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Kule meko iimpawu isakhiwo organelles (netafile kuboniswe ngasentla, iyakuqinisekisa oko) has jikelele umgaqo mbutho. Imisebenzi iseli njenge inkqubo eququzelelweyo ehlangeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, organelles misebenzi oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwaye ezijoliswe lusebenze nokugcina iseli nempumelelo.