Yemisebe yemvelo

imisebe Natural ukho kwindawo ebomini bethu, kuba yinxalenye okusingqongileyo yabantu. Le nto iye yafunyanwa ngo-1896 yi-French Isazinzulu Becquerel ngegama, eyafumana umthombo radioactivity zendalo ngempazamo phakathi nokuhlola ngeziphumo epleyitini yokuthathwa, eyayibhijelwa yephepha emnyama, a flourescent zinc emanzini.

Yintoni yemisebe yendalo? Le nguqu kwe eziba atomic le nto kwemichiza efanayo ngaphakathi kwinucleus athom zomnye element. Le nkqubo njalo luhambisana radiation eqhumayo. igalelo elikhulu sifundo solu shicilelo wenze i yamachiza obalaseleyo Marie Sklodowska-Curie. Yaba yena owathi ngo-1898 wafumanisa izinto Radium kunye ಪೇನ್ ipheyini.

Zesayensi lubonise ukuba radioactivity yendalo abawuthobeli ukutshintsha phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle. Kusenokuba kweentlobo ezimbini: i Proton, kwaye kabini-Proton.

Oku kuquka yemisebe endalo amacandelo eziliqela. Ezi ziquka: cosmic imitha, radioactive izinto abahlala kweli lizwe, kwakunye njengomthombo imitha, olukuye izinto zokwakha, ukutya kunye namanzi.

Ukuba ukubala ipesenti, ngoko yemisebe yendalo angamelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 73% - ngenxa yempembelelo imithombo radiation zendalo naphi kuthi, 13% - lwenziwa iinkqubo zonyango (nelona galelo likhulu X-reyi), ne-14% ye-radiation okubangela ukuba imitha evela emajukujukwini.

radiation Solar unamandla elikhulu, kodwa ukusuka Umhlaba likhusela okusingqongileyo, ke, lo mkhulu umgama ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba, eyomeleleyo ifuthe radiation cosmic. Izazinzulu ziye zabona ukuphinda-wesenzo emva 1000 eemitha. Ngokomzekelo, xa moya moya xa yakhwela malunga 10,000 neemitha, inqanaba radiation kule ndlwana idlula zendalo phantse 10 amaxesha.

Kubaneka, leyo ngamaxesha kuvela kwi Sun, naye licandelo namandla 'yendalo' radiation yangasemva. Le mithombo ilandelayo - it amasuntswana ezo njengenxalenye yezinto zokwakha, inkunkuma evela amalahle yokutsha, kunye nezichumiso phosphate.

Njengoko inqanaba bahambisa radioactivity zendalo emhlabeni? Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba kuyahlukana-mali ka-5 -20 micro-roentgen ngeyure nganye. Ngelo xesha, ngaphambi kokuba abantu nanku umbuzo, njani yingozi ozise enjalo ubomi babantu kulo mhlaba.

Kulo mba, oosonzululwazi besithi, ogalelwe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba umonakalo kwimitha ayinamsebenzi, ngoxa abanye bathi ukuba ebangela isifo kakhulu kunye zofuzo, kodwa Kucacile kakhulu ukuba lo mba kufuneka uphando.

Ngokuphawulekayo kuchaphazela imitha background umntu akakwazi ngokoqobo na, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba uzikhusele ngokwakho kwimiphumo imiba ezimbi ngaphezu amaxabiso yokwakha.

Iiyunithi ze ubuthi:

• 1 kelly = 0,01 Sv;
• 1 mrem = 0,01 milli Sievert.

radiation yesiqalo luyafana ukuba idosi yonyaka ka-30 mrem (300 Sv), kodwa, umzekelo, malunga-10 km ithamo radiation kuya kuba amaxesha 100 enkulu. Inqanaba radiation yahlukile kwi kumazwekazi ezahlukileyo kumazwe athile. Nguye 30, eFransi, i-US kunye Japan - 60 millirem ngamnye ngonyaka. Inani labantu kula mazwe nempumelelo ngonyaka ufumana 100-150 mrem lwemitha ngenxa kwimvelaphi ekhoyo. ERashiya, eli nani imiyinge 65 mrem / ngonyaka.

Iindlela tapeworm apho izinto radioactive kunokuba zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kubo; ukungena emiphungeni, kunye nokutya, ngesikhumba yi ukufunxeka. imisebe Ukwanda kuchaphazela umzimba womntu. izinto eziyingozi zabiwa ngokulinganayo kuwo umzimba kwixhoba. Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina yonke imithombo atom, idosi yonyaka yabantu ingu-135 mrem.