Zempilo, Amayeza
Yamandulo amayeza saseYiputa, China ne India. Imbali yamayeza
Izifo ezikhoyo kangangoko nobuntu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngawo onke amaxesha abantu badinga uncedo lobuchwepheshe abanolwazi. amayeza yaMandulo yanda ngokuthe ngcembe yaye sele iwupasisile indlela elide, ezele iimpazamo ezinkulu kunye kwetyala oneentloni, maxa wambi isekelwe kuphela unqulo. Kuphela nje embalwa ubunzima abantu bamandulo bakwazi ukuphuma ezingqondweni zethu kumabamba yokungazi ukunika uluntu ezifunyaniswe enkulu kwintsimi yamayeza, ochazwe ezinde, iintyilalwazi, lemibhalo.
amayeza Ancient Egyptian
amayeza samandulo saseYiputa iye nelaye lasisiseko nolwazi oogqirha baseRoma yamandulo, Afrika noMbindi Mpuma, kodwa imvelaphi yayo eMesopotamiya, leyo sele kunyaka 4000 BC, ukuba abasebenzi zabo zonyango. amayeza yaMandulo eYiputa, sidibanisa iinkolelo zonqulo kokuma emzimbeni womntu. Ugqirha wokuqala kanye umsunguli Imgotepa ukukholwa, nangona Egyptologists kutshanje nje abonisa ubunyani ikhona (2630-2611 BCE ...) eminyaka LITHILE uthixo wobuxoki. Le ndoda yingqondi indleko yexesha lakhe, uLeonardo da Vinci kumaXesha Aphakathi. ulwazi olusisiseko isakhiwo abantu eva amaYiputa, ngenxa laloo nto nabafileyo - nokuba baqala ukuqonda ukuba intliziyo kunye zobuchopho amalungu zibalulekileyo.
Zonke izifo imithi yamandulo baseYiputa ziye zohlulwa nkampu zimbini: kokwemvelo yeedemon (kwemvelo). Udidi lokuqala luquka izifo ezinxulumene yokulimala, ukutya kakuhle kunye namanzi mgangathweni, amakhalane isisu, okanye iimeko yemozulu embi. ingqalelo ngononophelo zahlawula nococeko umzimba ngokomyalelo, umntu ngamnye kwakufuneka Kwathi yonke ikhosi kweenyanga ezintathu ageze ometyiso (enemas, emetics kunye laxatives).
ezibangela miyalezo ingqalelo nababephethwe ngoomoya abakhohlakeleyo, iidemon, kunye nongenelelo woothixo: iindlela Nonhlanhla phakathi Ingxenye zoluntu kwemfuno enkulu apho ngenxa kubabingeleli. Kwakhona wasebenzisa ezininzi zokupheka inemithana ekrakra - kwakukholelwa ukuba azigxothe oomoya. imigqaliselo zizonke isixhobo zonyango yamandulo 700, yaye phantse bonke aba imvelaphi yendalo:
- imifuno: itswele, imihla, iidiliya, nomrharnate, poppy, iinyibiba;
- ezimbiwa isalfure, udongwe, ilothe, nitrate kunye kwistibhiya;
- iinxalenye izilwanyana: imisila yawo, iindlebe, amathambo ya kunye imisipha, kwamadlala, maxa wambi kusetyenziswa zizinambuzane.
It wayesele esaziwa amayeza of umhlonyane neoli kukaCastor, ioli imbewu iflakisi zekhala.
Eyona mithombo iphambili le ngqangi yamandulo baseYiputa zonyango ingqalelo uphando, imibhalo iiphiramidi kunye sarcophagi, mummies abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Phambi ixesha lethu zikwimeko original walondoloza ngqangi ezininzi zonyango:
- Ibungu Brugsch - umbhalo wesandla endala iPediatrics. Oku kuquka ukufundisa, niyixelele impilo abantwana, abasetyhini, kunye neendlela zonyango kwezifo.
- Ibungu Ebers - isixelela malunga nezifo ngamalungu ezahlukeneyo, kodwa iqulethe imizekelo emininzi imithandazo webali (ngaphezu kwama-900 iiresiphi kwizifo wokudla, iinkqubo bokuphefumla yokujikeleza, izifo iliso nendlebe). Lo msebenzi lwezenzululwazi kudala ingqalelo intyilalwazi zonyango yamaxhwele yamandulo.
- Kahunsky ngqangi - uquka ama kwi zuza neyeza lemfuyo; kulo mzekelo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye imisongo, ngokukodwa mahala ukuncwasa zonqulo.
- Ibungu Smith - ababhali bayo bakholelwa Imgotepa. Lichaza amatyala 48 kwezonyango trauma. Ulwazi ezahlukeneyo - ukusuka iimpawu kunye neendlela uphando kwiingcebiso unyango.
Xa amayeza yamandulo baseYiputa kusetyenziswa ingadla yogqirha kuqala kunye amashiya, esipilini catheters zesibeleko. Oku kubonisa inqanaba eliphezulu nobuchwepheshe noogqirha-oogqirha, nangona enasilela nobuchule abaphilisi Indiya.
Iyeza main Indian
Indian amayeza bamaxesha amandulo lathembela umthombo ezimbini ezaziwayo: ikhowudi ye imithetho Manu kunye nenzululwazi ye ಬಿಂದು uphawu, nesuka ukusuka Vedas - wemibhalo endala engcwele laso. Le ngokubalisa kakhulu zichaneke zize zigqibelele lephepha yabhalwa i ugqirha Indian Sushruta. Kuyo ichazwe ezibangela izifo (doshas ezintathu ukungalingani kunye iindlela ukuba ziquka umzimba womntu), iingcebiso unyango izifo ngaphezu kwe-150 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukongeza, malunga 780 wachaza imifuno amayeza kunye nezityalo, inika ulwazi isicelo sabo.
amayeza emveli Indian kwabelwana ngabo bonke kuthetha kwi iziphumo zabo phezu umzimba:
- ukugabha kunye laxatives;
- oluvuselela elithozamisayo;
- imali encinane;
- ukukhuthaza ukugaywa;
- amachiza (kusetyenziswa ndindisholo kutyando).
zaye zaphuhliswa ngokwaneleyo yokwakheka ulwazi amagqirha, kodwa oogqirha ezahlulwe 500 imisipha 24 amathambo luvo 300 kunye nempahla phambili 40 nto leyo, yahlulahlulwe amasebe 700, 107 ka iikhompawundi edibeneyo nemisipha ngaphezulu kwama-900 umzimba womntu. A lot of ingqalelo kwakhona ihlawulwe kwi imeko yengqondo zezigulane - ಬಿಂದು uphawu ingqalelo ukuba uninzi zonke izifo kuvela ukungasebenzi le luvo. ulwazi Ngoko olunzulu - zombini amayeza mandulo India - benza amagqirha kweli lizwe zithandwa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe.
Development of amayeza e-China yamandulo
amayeza lwaseMpuma yavela ngenkulungwane BC yesine, omnye azibhala lokuqala izifo njenge "Huang Di Nei Jing", yaye Huang - ligama ngunozala kwicala isisiTshayina amayeza. I-Chinese, ezifana amaNdiya, wayekholelwa ukuba indoda yakhiwa izakhi ezintlanu, ukungalingani leyo ekhokelela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, oko eneenkcukacha kakhulu kwaye ndixelelwe kwi "Nei Jing", nto leyo kwinkulungwane 8 Van Bin ezikotshiweyo.
лунь», повествующего о методах лечения лихорадок различного типа, а Хуа То – хирург, начавший использовать швы в полостных операциях и анестезию опием, аконитом и коноплей. Chzhan Chzhun Jing - ugqirha Chinese, umbhali we othi "Shang Han Lun tsza bin", ibali malunga neendlela zonyango yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo lemikhuhlane, kunye Hua tuo - otyandayo, waqala ukusebenzisa sutures kwimisebenzi esiswini kunye umlaliso zomzimba, aconite ne ntsango.
Kuba unyango lwezifo ezahlukeneyo oogqirha sele kusetyenziswa camphor, ikonofile, ijinja kunye lemongrass, kwezimbiwa rock sulphur ingakumbi wazamkela mercury, magnesium kwistibhiya. Kodwa kwindawo yokuqala, Kakade ke, Ginseng - engcanjini yalo kunqulwa kwaye kuveliswa rhoqo yayo iziyobisi ezahlukeneyo.
Ikratshi Special oogqirha Chinese yaba ukubetha Uxilongo: ukuxhaphaka kunyuke izinga lentliziyo ebonisa inkqubo esebenzayo kakhulu luvo, kwaye ababuthathaka ngakanye, phezu koko, wazingqinela ukungabikho kwakhe umsebenzi. oogqirha Chinese bahlule iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-20 ukubetha. Baya bafika kwisigqibo sokuba yonke organ kunye yonke inkqubo emzimbeni ziboniswa ukubetha kwentliziyo, kwaye ukuguqulwa iingongoma ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, awukwazi ukuchaza kuphela sifo oluntu, kodwa kwakhona ukuqikelela isiphelo sayo. Wang Shu-Lowo babhala "imbali kwi ubume 'ngokweenkcukacha omkhulu wachaza zonke.
Njengoko China - kuzalwa unyango lokugqojozwa kunye moxibustion kuyo. nezembali uthethe amaxhwele Bian-imeko ekuyiyo ngoku kunye Fu Wen, umbhali we ama ngale ndlela. Xa imisebenzi yabo zichaza amakhulu amanqaku eziphilayo esebenzayo emzimbeni womntu, echaphazela ngubani na kunyanga ngokupheleleyo nasiphi na isifo.
Le ngxaki kuphela amayeza yamandulo Chinese - i uqhaqho. YeZulu Empire wawusetyenziswa iindlela zonyango lwe ngokwaphulwa (isiza inxeba ibekwe nje phakathi abasuke ezimbini ngomthi) agcinwa wayekwenza cupping kunye okwalandelwa.
nguyise amayeza
Abo zithathwa ibe noHippocrates (isiGrike. Ippokratis), ugqirha yamandulo ZesiGrike isizukulwana 17, awayehlala 460 BC aphawula ukuqala kuphuhliso amayeza eRoma yamandulo. Isithembiso odumileyo sikaqhirha phambi kokuba lithweswe ofisi - "Isifungo Hippocratic" - oku ngumqondo yakhe. UYise ugqirha omkhulu Heraclides nayo sesayensi obalaseleyo kunye Fenareta Umama umbelekisi. Abazali bam benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini unyana wabo waba ubuqaqawuli ugqirha elungileyo, kwaye wafumana nokuqaliswa waya kubabingeleli, ngaphandle apho indlela entle entsimini yamayeza akungekhe kubekho mbuzo.
NoHippocrates efuna unyango ezahlukeneyo abaphumeleleyo baya kumazwe amaninzi basempumalanga, yaye emva kokubuyela ekhaya, waseka isikolo lokuqala lonyango, ukubeka phambili yenzululwazi, kungekhona unqulo.
Ilifa creative yale genius kakhulu kangangokuba umvakalisi esisigxina imisebenzi yakhe Charterius wachitha woshicilelo-amane (!) Kwiminyaka. Ngaphezu nekhulu imisebenzi yakhe buthathwa "Hippocratic Collection" single and "Aphorisms" lakhe nangoku kwemfuno enkulu.
Oogqirha edume kakhulu kwihlabathi elidala
A lot of amagqirha ezinkulu amayeza yamandulo eyenziwe kweli into inzululwazi yabo, enika izinyanya izimvo zabo reflection, ngokuqaphela kunye nophando.
1. uDioscorides, Greek ugqirha 50 leminyaka AD. e., umbhali we othi "Materia Medica" yeyona ncwadi ophambili kwi Pharmacology de ngenkulungwane ye-16.
2. Klavdiy Galen - Scientist Roman zendalo, umbhali imisebenzi emininzi ongezityalo ezingamayeza, iindlela yokusebenzisa nokuveliswa kula malungiselelo. Yonke amanzi kunye notywala tinctures, decoctions kunye izicatshulwa ezivela kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo zisabonakalisa igama "ezesintu". Yaba nguye lowo waqala ukwenza uvavanyo kwizilwanyana.
3. Harun al-uRashid - umlawuli Arab, ngowokuqala ukwakha kwisibhedlele kawonke e Baghdad.
4. Paracelsus (1493-1541) - kugqirha Swiss, ngubani kubhekwa umsunguli amayeza kwemichiza namhlanje. Ezingundoqo Galen kwaye onke amayeza yamandulo xa iyonke, ucinga ukuba angasebenzi.
5. Li Shizhen - oyingcali kwicandelo amayeza we-East Ancient, ugqirha Chinese kwenkulungwane ye-16, umbhali we "Iziseko Pharmacology." Umsebenzi equka imiqulu 52, nama-2000 ichaza imithi, ekukhethwa ukuba imvelaphi zezityalo. Umbhali uphikisa ngamandla ukusetyenziswa amacwecwe mercury-based.
6. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865-925) - sisazinzulu basePersi, semvelo, yena uthathwa nguvulindlela kwinkalo yezifo kwengqondo. Zabhalwa lo gqirha ebalaseleyo bobabo edume "Al-Haw" - incwadi olugqibeleleyo amayeza luvula ihlabathi iziseko zamehlo, izifo kunye nokubeleka. Razi uye wabonisa ukuba iqondo lobushushu - kubangelwa sifo.
7. uAvicenna (Ibn Sina) - yingqondi ixesha lakhe. Ekuqaleni evela Uzbekistan, umbhali we "Canon of Medicine" - encyclopedia, apho ezilikhulu embalwa iminyaka, abanye oogqirha uqeqesho lwezakhono zonyango. Wayekholelwa ukuba nasiphi na isifo sephepha sinokunyangeka yi ukutya olufanelekileyo kunye nendlela yokuphila ngomlinganiselo.
8. Asclepiades yaseBhithiniya - ugqirha ongumGrike owayephila BC ngenkulungwane 1. Umsunguli unyango ngokwasemzimbeni (ukuyifundisa yokuthanjiswa) kunye Dietetics, wabiza bomhla kunye nabalandeli ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano phakathi impilo emzimbeni kunye nomoya. Wathabatha amanyathelo okuqala iyeza eziphilayo, kuba ixesha yinto kumnandi.
9. Sun Simiao - ugqirha Chinese Tian ubukhosi, wabhala umsebenzi volume-30. "Ukumkani iziyobisi" - igama le ngqondi owenza igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso yemicimbi zonyango. Wacaphula ukubaluleka ngesondlo kunye umxube nelungelo iimveliso. Ukuveliswa kwazo - oko kwakhona ngetyala lakhe.
Njengoko kumaxesha amandulo kunokuba iphathwa
Medicine kwehlabathi lamandulo, phezu kwazo zonke ubungqondi oogqirha abadumileyo, kuye pretty eyoyikekayo. Noko ke, kugweba ngokwakho. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa yendlela iinyani ezinika umdla malunga neendlela zonyango;
1. soyikiso Indlela kunye ukwenyanya yokugula ngenkuthalo e kwiBhabhiloni yamandulo: ukuba esi sifo wayishiya le ndoda, wadliswa baza bankcenkceshela trash ezinqabileyo, inxenye ukumtshicela, wabanika cuffs. Oku "unyango" kukukhokelela sisifo elitsha (ingenguye Akumangalisi).
2. Ngo-Egypt xa uKumkani uHammurabi iyeza kwakuyinto ishishini eyingozi, njengomnye nemithetho kakumkani wathembisa kumnyangi ukufa ukuba isigulane wakhe ufa phezu kwetafile yokusebenza. Ngoko ke ikhombisa kusetyenziswa ngaphezulu kunye nemithandazo ezithe yachazwa kumacwecwe odongwe 40.
3. Ababingeleli baseYiputa washiya isigulane ukuba balale etempileni, kuthandazwe bekumele sivele ephupheni kuye, esinityela indlela yonyango, ngokunjalo isono apho ke wasuka wawohlwaya sifo.
4. Greece Ancient No ayiphucukanga kangako kunye notyando. Apha siye sadlala yonke ntetho imisebenzi, apho ugqirha ezotywe uthixo wumbi amayeza UAsclepius. Ngamanye amaxesha ngethuba amanyathelo, izigulane ziye bafa - ezininzi ukusuka tirades elide angqwabalala kunokuba kukungabi ubuchule entabeni kugqirha.
5. yanwenwa "sokuwa" isifo dope ngayo, imifula kunye umhlonyane.
6. eYiputa eMesopotamiya ngokufuthi bemba imingxuma ukakayi (ngamanye amaxesha ngakumbi) ukuze bawubuyise ogulayo migraine okubangelwa kukuvela kwemeko umoya ombi.
7. Isifo sephepha iphathwa iziyobisi, lalenziwe ukukhanya impungutye kunye nenyoka inyama, zifakwe umlaliso.
8. ilikhubalo theriac ingqalelo (kweziselo amacandelo 70) kunye namatye bulumko.
Abanemvume: kuwa amayeza
Lo mhlaba kakhulu yezonyango kumaXesha Aphakathi waye ukusungulwa imvume enyanzelekileyo ukuba iyeza: umthetho kuqala wathabatha ukumkani esasiseSisili, Roger II, yaye kamva wathatha eNgilani, kwasekwa labakhandi ngenkulungwane ye-15 oogqirha kunye nozichebayo (idla ngokuba wenza igazi izigulane) kunye France kunye College of St. Como. Saqala ukuvela ngokucacileyo kunye nefomu imfundiso kwezifo ezosulelayo kunye nezenzo zokhathalelo lwempilo. Tengo De Sholyak, ugqirha eyenziwe ngenkulungwane ye-14, iye yakhuthaza ngokubonakalayo nokuthintela "zabakhohlisi 'ukuba ukunyanga abantu, u ecetywayo iindlela ezintsha zokujongana Ukophuka (imoto yi ubunzima, ukusetyenziswa amabhandeji okusawula, suturing kungqameko amanxeba avulekileyo).
KumaXesha Aphakathi kwakukho indlala eqhelekileyo rhoqo, izityalo amahlwempu, inyanzelisa abantu ukuba batye ukutya ibhuqiwe, i "babezinikele umzimba olunyulu" yaba eliSetyenzisiweyo. Ezi zinto zimbini negalelo kuphuhliso kwezifo ezosulelayo: ifiva, isibetho kunye yingqakaqha, isifo sephepha kunye iqhenqa. inkolelo buphele izinto zobumnini aphilisayo i "Hallows 'kunye cantrip (apho abaphilisi ulwazi owayephila wakhanyela ngokupheleleyo) Bamqumbisa uphuhliso nangakumbi izifo ezame ukunyanga emikhosini yenkolo kunye intshumayelo. Izinga lokufa yi izihlandlo eziliqela ngaphezu umlinganiselo ukuzalwa nobomi ekulindeleke abafane ngaphaya kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
Impembelelo yonqulo ngamayeza
E China ne-Indiya, ingakumbi ukukholelwa koothixo akuyiphazamisi kunye nophuhliso imicimbi lwezonyango: inkqubela ngokusekelwe kokuma umntu wemvelo, ifuthe izityalo ngesimo sempilo yakhe, iindlela ezithandwayo yamava esebenzayo ahlaziye. EYurophu, phezu koko, iinkolelo, ukoyika ingqumbo kaThixo kunqunyulwa amathupha yonke imizamo izazinzulu, amagqirha, ukuba asindise abantu ngokulahleka.
intshutshiso yonqulo, isiqalekiso, kunye namaphulo okulwa qhekeko waba isikali onzima: nawuphi njengesazinzulu wazama ukuthetha ubabalo engqiqo nanxamnye ukuthanda kukaThixo ukuba uphilise, wahlukunyezwa kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo nokubulawa (kwaba ngokubanzi autos kwabatyhutyha) - kukoyikisa abantu abaqhelekileyo. Uphononongo ukwakheka komzimba kwabantu njengento sono silingenwe kukufa entombini apho isohlwayo bekucingelwa.
Kwakhona, ethile enkulu ndlela yomfundi unyango kunye nokufundisa kwizikolo zonyango ezinqabileyo: Zonke Izicatshulwa kufuneka ibhujiswe kwamkelwa ngokholo, maxa wambi yokungabi kwibala eqinileyo nokwala lokuhlanganisa amava ezifunyenwe nokungakwazi ukusebenzisa anengqondo isiphumo esenziwayo kwi "hayi" ezininzi impumelelo buchopho modernity.
Apho oogqirha abaqeqeshwe kumaxesha amandulo?
Izikolo zokuqala zonyango e China abakho kuphela AD ngenkulungwane yesi-6, ngaphambi kokuba lo art ephilisa anikezelwe phantsi kuphela utitshala ukuze nomfundi ngomlomo. esikolweni-level karhulumente kuqala kuvulwa ngo-1027, utitshala ayo aphambili waba Wang Wei kunye.
In India, indlela yokudlulisela ngomlomo Utitshala umfundi wahlala de ngenkulungwane ye-18, indlela yokukhetha baba engqongqo kakhulu; ugqirha kwafuneka ukumbonisa umfuziselo yokuphila esempilweni kunye kwinqanaba eliphezulu ingqondo, bazi ibhayoloji kunye chemistry, ngokuyinene kukhokelwa yezityalo ezingamayeza kunye iindlela ukulungiselela potions ukuba eliboniswa. Nococeko kunye Ukucoceka baba kwindawo yokuqala.
E Egypt yamandulo, ukonakaliswa ababingeleli abaqeqeshiweyo kwiitempile, lo gama idla ngokusetyenziswa isohlwayo sokubetha abafundi abangenankathalo. Ngaxeshanye kunye iyeza wayesiya kaligrafi yokufunda engathi, ugqirha ngamnye Umqeqeshwa wayekwiqela ngokuphathelele ethile kunye ibandla, ezafumana umrhumo kwixesha elizayo ngenxa yonyango umguli.
uqeqesho amayeza Mass ngomlinganiselo omkhulu waqala Greece yamandulo kwaye yahlulwe kwamasebe amabini:
1. kwisikolo sezonyango Croton. uluvo oluphambili saso ithisisi ilandelayo: Impilo - eli intsalela izichasi, yaye esi sifo lokuphathwa ncakasana okuchaseneyo (ekrakra - mnandi, abandayo - efudumeleyo). Omnye wabafundi kwesi sikolo Akmeon, wafumanisa ihlabathi emjelweni indlebe kunye imithambo optic.
2. School of ngaseKinido. ulwazi zalo ezisisiseko zazifana iimfundiso ಬಿಂದು uphawu: umzimba wenyama wenziwe izinto ezininzi, kukho ukungalingani ekhokelela izifo. Esi sikolo waqhubeka ukuphucula ixesha yokusebenza koogqirha zaseYiputa, ngoko kwasekwa imfundiso iimpawu kunye noxilongo. Evrifon, umfundi kwesi sikolo, owayephila ngexesha noHippocrates.
Isifungo likagqirha
Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala isifungo ebhalwe iphepha kwi BC yesi-3 ngu noHippocrates, naphambi ukuba ixesha elide ezosulela ngomlomo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kukholelwa ukuba yokuqala wayo wathi UAsclepius.
Modern Hippocratic Isifungo sele kude wokuqala: amazwi akhe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha kunye nobuzwe, ngexesha lokugqibela ngayo egqwethekileyo kakhulu 1848, xa eGeneva kwathiwa inguqulelo entsha ye-ntetho. Phantse isiqingatha okubhaliweyo sisikwe:
- isithembiso singaze izisu kunye neenkqubo xa kuthenwa;
- naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko musa ukubulawa;
- isithembiso akazange abe neentlobano zesini kunye isigulana;
- Makungaze naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko kufuneka drop isidima sabo, eyekela izenzo ezingekho mthethweni;
- yinxalenye yengeniso yabo ubomi ukubanika utitshala okanye isikolo, abaqeqeshwe zonyango icala ngugqirha.
Kwezi zinto kubonisa indlela amayeza namhlanje ibingayinciphisanga bar yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko ukuba ugqirha njengomntu kakhulu zokomoya, eshiya kuphela imisebenzi esisiseko - ukunceda abasweleyo.
Similar articles
Trending Now