Iindidi ngokwegrama yesenzi Russian. Isenzi kwisivakalisi

Xa ufuna ukuchaza isenzo esithile okanye imeko lwesifundo kwintetho, sisebenzisa isenzi. Kwesenzi kwisivakalisi ichaza umxholo isenzo, ubukho bakhe kwimo ethile kunye like.

Ngengqiqo ezininzi jikelele, isenzi libhekisela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo yaye iquka ezininzi iingongoma data ezifana inkcazelo isenzo (ukuzoba), imeko (awuyitshintshanga), inkcazelo yenkqubo (flow) kunye nenkcazelo sesindululo (ezisebenzayo).

Isenzi uba iindidi esisigxina and non-ntetho. iimpawu njalo-ntetho (categories) ezi ngomlomo ngokungqongqo. Ezi ziquka inkangeleko, ibheyile, reflexivity kunye transitivity. Kukwaquka, kodwa kuchazwa iindidi, conjugations kwisenzi. isimbo sakhe akawatshintshi kwaye rhoqo. Little okanye akukho iindidi zegrama ezikhoyo kuzo zonke iintlobo izenzi. Ezi ziquka ixesha, umhla, umntu, imo kunye nesini.

Kweli nqaku sihlolisise oko isenzi, isenzi iindidi zegrama kunye neentlobo yezenzi.

Udidi ukuthambekela

Olu didi ibonisa ukuzalana phakathi intshukumo isenzi-isivisa leyinene. Izenzi zisetyenziswa iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo tyekelo.

Ku kombisa ibonisa inkqubo okanye inyathelo ukuba sele esiya phambili, ithatha okwangoku okanye kuya kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo. Izenzi kule utshintsho mood amaxesha ngamaxesha (ngokulandelelana - elidlulileyo, elangoku nelizayo).

Olunemiqathango mood esimo ubizwa ngokuba. Oku kubonisa inyathelo yenzeka ukuba kwenzekile. Eneneni, kwisuntswana "ukuba" abaninzi ngokufuthi kuboniswe. Umzekelo, "ndiza kuhlala eMoscow", "wabaleka ukuya bala."

Kunyanzelekile - ezona zinto ityekele kuzo nzima ebonisa izicelo imithi, iminqweno kunye amaza amanyathelo. izenzi ezinjalo akhiwa usebenzisa isiphelo isenzi elungisiweyo ixesha langoku (ifom abangafezekanga ukuba izenzi) kunye elizayo (ifom ogqibeleleyo izenzi). Ngenxa yoko, indlela sisinyanzelo izenzi umntu we2 kwisinye isiphelo "s" ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, "Balekani, khawuleza."

le Category

View - udidi kwisenzi evakalisa indlela ukwenza intshukumo kubhalwe nini kunye nenkqubo uthatha ixesha elide kangakanani indawo. View ugqibelele kwaye abangafezekanga. Ukusuka isihloko kucacile ukuba amazwi uhlobo ogqibeleleyo bonisa ethile intshukumo umda; nokuba lokuqala okanye lokugqibela (kodwa kufuneka izaliswe okanye uqale kwezinye ixesha elithile). izenzi Imperfective kubonisa inkqubo ngaphandle malunga nokugqitywa yayo. View kunye nexesha eladlulayo kwesenzi enxulumene. izenzi Imperfective singahlukaniswa iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ixesha (ixesha search ngokweenkcukacha ngezantsi): elidlulileyo, ngoku nakwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, "ukuhamba", "ukuhamba", "yiya". izenzi Perfective babe amaxesha ezimbini: elizayo kunye elidlulileyo.

Udidi ixesha

Ixesha - kuhlobo yesenzi ebonisa intshukumo eyenziwa kunye nesanty sokubekwa kwe umzuzu ethile zentetho. Ukusuka nkcazelo ingasentla kucacile kuthi ukuba kukho iindidi ezintathu ixesha.

• Kungoku nje - le nkqubo lwenzeka xa ingqwalasela.
• Elidlulileyo - inkqubo yagqitywa phambi kokuba owahamba ngayo.
• Ikamva - inqubo ezokwenza ngokuqinisekileyo emva kwenkqubo intetho.

Iindlela ixesha langoku elizayo akukho ngokusesikweni ngokwemiqathango igrama, ngoxa iintlobo ixesha eladlulayo zenziwa kunye isimamva "-l-" okanye isimamva. Umzekelo, "basabele-l-a" okanye "Ndathatha".

Inqanaba yenguqu

Le isenzi didi kubonisa umlinganiselo inkqubo ibe into ethile. Kuxhomekeke ingaba ithuba ukuya into isenzi okanye hayi, kokuba zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini: Izenzi ukusuka 'kunye nezenzi umenziwa.

• Isixando izenzi kubonisa inyathelo ethunyelwe kuyo nayiphi na into. Nabo ke, yahlulwe: Izenzi indalo (Dala, ngelotha, ukuthunga), izenzi wentshabalalo (othile, ikhefu), izenzi okuqonda (khangela kwaye uzive), izenzi evakalisa imvakalelo (kukuphembelela, bandakanya), kwakunye amazwi iingcinga kunye namazwi (conceptualize, ukunxibelelana).
• izenzi umenziwa abonisa isenzo abakwazi ukuya into ethile. Phakathi kwazo kukho: izenzi, ebonisa inkqubo ubuntu (zibekwe), ebonisa inkqubo intshukumo (run, fly), ebonisa ubume othile (ukuba uyagula, ukuba nomsindo, ukulala), izenzi ebonisa uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi (nokufundisa, ukupheka) esalatha indlela yokusebenzisa izenzo ezithile (plume, frills) ekugqibeleni, izenzi, kubonisa imbono (isangqa ezibonwayo ekuva kukhanya).

Udidi isibambiso

udidi isenzi, ebonisa ubudlelwane phakathi isifundo owenza inkqubo (isenzo), inkqubo ngokwayo kunye into, ngokunxulumene nkqubo owenziweyo (action). Kukho iindidi ezimbini izibambiso: active and passive. ngezwi esbnzyo - ibonisa ukuba isifundo ubiza kwiqumrhu enxulumene ngqo kwi intshukumo okanye inkqubo. Kwimeko wesixando wahlukile. Kulo mzekelo, isihloko sinento yokwenza into, apho kwenziwa khona isenzo esithile kwezinye izinto okanye abantu. Isixando sokwenziwa lungabonakaliswa yi izimamva okanye kwiimo ezikhethekileyo ze participles kwisixando sokwenziwa.

Udidi ngokosuku

Ezi zenzi kuba kudidi yezenzi umenziwa. Olu uhlobo oluthile kubonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa postfix "xia". Ezi zenzi zahlulwe ngamacandelo intlawulo. Kuxhomekeka ukubaluleka kwabo, izenzi ezo yahlulwe maqela 4 zilandelayo n:

• Nge nezolo wakho - asetyenziswa xa isenzo ngqo ngumntu ngokwakhe. Umzekelo, "nyulu, ukulungele ukuba ucaphuke."
• Bentsebenziswano ukubuyela - zisetyenziswa xa isenzo ochazwe ngamaqela amabini, ezijolise omnye komnye. Zombini umntu kule meko isifundo kunye nenjongosenzi. Umzekelo, "ukuze babone, ukunxibelelana."
• Ngokungangqalanga-returnable - zisetyenziswa xa isenzo senziwa ngumntu oneenjongo ezizezakhe. Umzekelo, "ukuba abahlanganisele (ukuqokelela izinto ngokwabo), sizimisele (ukuba isigqibo into ngokwam)." Inokubuyiselwa yakhutshwa kwi isakhiwo usebenzisa i "ngenxa ngokwalo".
• Obschevozvratnye - kusetyenziswa xa inkqubo ezithile ebotshelelwe imeko sifundo. Umzekelo, isitshixo i "ixhala, wonder, nomsindo."

Udidi ubuso

Olu didi, elibhekisela umlinganiselo umntu owenza le nkqubo, kunye nalowo uthi. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu izenzi umntu kwisivakalisi.

• Kwesenzi umntu wokuqala isinye kusetyenziswa xa inkqubo lwenziwa yi sisithethi.
• Kwesenzi umntu isininzi wokuqala kusetyenziswa xa inkqubo kwenziwa ukuthetha, yaye omnye umntu.
• Izenzi umntu wesibini kwisinye kusetyenziswa xa nkqubo olwenziwe lelinye iziko.
• Xa umntu isininzi yesibini kusetyenziswa xa inkqubo lwenziwa interlocutor kunye komnye umntu.
• Umntu wesithathu isinye kusetyenziswa xa inkqubo ikhutshwa phandle umntu ongathathi nxaxheba kwincoko.
• Umntu nesininzi wesithathu kusetyenziswa xa inkqubo yenziwa ngumntu Nongawuthabathiyo inxaxheba kwingxoxo, kunye nezinye nobuntu ngaphaya incoko ethile.

uhlobo isigaba kunye nenombolo

Uhlobo isigaba kwisenzi libhekisela isibizo okanye isimelabizo, oko kukuthi iminyaka yabo. Ukuba umntu / iziko akukho uhlobo oluthile imilo, sebenzisa uhlobo entity kunokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, ngaba 'kufika ngomso "," ikhephu afikelwe. "

Udidi inani ibonisa inani labantu abenza inkqubo. Umzekelo, "wayedlala abafundi", "umfundi badlale." Olu didi usebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo ngomlomo zobuqu.