UVoltaire, "ingenuous": Isishwankathelo

Ibali "I elula" - enye imisebenzi abadumileyo zefilosofi satirical le uVoltaire omkhulu, sobulumko enkulu utitshala ngenkulungwane ye-18 eFransi. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ibali yapapashwa ngo-1767 yaye kungekudala, ngenxa yempumelelo enkulu, iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi.

UVoltaire, "ingenuous": isishwankathelo. tie

Ngaphandle kwaba ngoJulayi 1689. Ngenye ingokuhlwa Lower UBrittany kwi ngaselwandle wayehambahamba Abbe de Kerkabon kunye nodade wayo. Le umphathi wazinikela ukucinga bayahlelwa umzalwana wakhe kunye nosapho lwakhe, kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo waya kule elunxwemeni inqanawa e Canada, yaye ekubeni kubo kwakungekho ndaba.

Kanye ngalo mzuzu kwi bay iquka isondela ngesitya, kwaye zisangena elunxwemeni umfana. Yena unxibe iingubo Indian yaye kubonakala ilula-nye - ukuze igama ngokunyaniseka kwakhe, sinokungcwengeka okuvela amanye amaNgesi. Abbot uyimema kuye, ukuba balale.

Ngosuku olulandelayo umfana, efuna ukubulela wemikhosi banobubele, unika eletha - Small inani elingaziwayo abantu ezilula-nye ezinxulumene umtya. Phakathi kwezi imifanekiso Abbot esiva umzalwana wakhe nomfazi wakhe owanyamalala eKhanada.

Simple-athi wayengazi abazali babo, waza waphakamisa namaNdiya yakhe. De Kerkabon kunye nodade yakhe kuba umfana nguyisekazi kunye umakazi, ukususela ngoko yena uhlala nabo.

AmaNdiya Hurons Simple-nye babengazi abazali babo, kunye abafundileyo. Ekubeni eyafunyanwa buso ngaphambi kunye nodade wayo malume enothando-anti, lo mfana wahlala kwikhaya labo.

St. ezibethwe

Ephakamileyo yokuziphatha yaye buphelele, ukusuka kwindawo yokuziphatha lwembono, kudala umlinganiswa uVoltaire ( "ilula-babechubekile"). Kwisiqwenga imveliso yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi ukuba ukuziphatha kwe ophambili kufuneka ube njengesingqiniso wonke.

Ngoko Phambi ugqiba kubhaptiza ingenuously. Kodwa kuqala, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba ingcwaliselwe iziseko nonqulo lwakhe olutsha. Ityendyana lo mfana ufunda iBhayibhile ukuqonda intsingiselo yawo ngenxa yokungabikho yempembelelo oluntu emfundo. Simple-kubanjwa kumsitho ecaweni awe uthando kunye umnqamlezo Saint-Yves. Zibonakaliswa nganye ngothando, intombazana nenkwenkwe ngokwenza umpoposho. Kodwa kuqala, kufuneka bacele imvume kubazali babo. Abbot lichaza elula-nye nonke, ukuze atshate umnqamlezo - isono. Lo mfana waphendula ukuba eli lizwi sekeriweke eBibeleni, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi, ukuba yamkelwe kwi kuluntu kwaye ezijongwa njengenxalenye imibhiyozo yonqulo.

uMthetho inkampani

Libonisa engenangqondo ixesha lakhe uVoltaire. Simple-nye asikwazi ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ubomi iikhilomitha ezininzi upopu kufuneka isigqibo ukutshata owuthandayo kwakhe okanye hayi. Lo mfana wathi yena ngokwakhe isigqibo Isiphelo sakhe. Emva koko, koko odlula eSt ezibethwe kwaye unika ukuyendisela kuye, njengoko wathethayo, kwaye eneneni, ukuba ilungelo lakhe. Kodwa ezingqonge kwasekuqaleni ukuba achaze ukuba kungekho mthetho, amaxwebhu kunye nezivumelwano ukuza nokungalawuleki.

iimpendulo Simple-nye abantu abanganyanisekanga kuphela abadinga izilumkiso ezinjalo. Waphendula ke ukuba mithetho yasungulwa abantu nje bakhanyiselwa nangokunyaniseka. Ke ukuba umntu iqwalasela yena onyanisekileyo, ngokuthobeka kufuneka bathobele imithetho, emisela umzekelo kwabanye.

Mother St. ezibethwe isigqibo ukuthumela intombazana loonongendi, uze emva koko akhuphe umyeni akathandwa kodwa nenzuzo. Ukufunda le, homey iza ngobushushu kunye lithemba.

ehlasela British

Ibonisa wengxabano yoluntu, zwabha vice, kwaye umntu okhulele kude impucuko, uVoltaire ( "ilula-babechubekile"). Isishwankathelo kuyanceda ukuqonda indlela kude uluntu evela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yaye ayinyaniso.

Ngoko ke, i elula-nye ejonge walahleka elunxwemeni. Kwaye ngoko ke ebona njengoko yokothuka ukufiphala squad French. Kubonakala ukuba butho British lawela elunxwemeni kwaye ukulungele ke uluhlu kuloo mzi. Simple-nye izibandakanya edabini kwenzakale utshaba Admiral. Ukubona isibindi sakhe, kuvuselela namajoni isiFrentshi, wabuya noloyiso. Le dolophu uyakwazi ukugcina, yaye ilula-abadumile.

Bubushushu edabini umfana ufuna ukuthatha phezu woonongendi kwaye akhulule intanda yakhe. Kodwa ke amandla wacebisa ukuba ndiye kukumkani Versailles kwaye cela imvume ukutshata njengomvuzo. ke Akukho ayikwazanga umngeni ilungelo lakhe lokuba batshate.

Ukutshutshiswa obuProtestante

Ukuqhubeka, ukuzulazula yebali hero "I elula" (uVoltaire). Iziqulatho Isahluko isixelela indlela umfana wathumela Versailles. indlela yakhe ngokusebenzisa kwidolophu encinane. Ulikhaya amaProtestanti, owayesele nje kuvinjwa onke amalungelo kunye ngenkani kubuKatolika ngenxa ukupheliswa Edict ka neNantes.

Xa iinyembezi abahlali ashiye kowabo. Simple-nye asikwazi ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ukumkani ngakwicala uPopu uyala 600,000 abahloniphekileyo kwaye dooms ukuba ingabhaduli nonxunguphalo. Omnye umfana weza kwisigqibo sokuba ityala yonke Abacebisi awona kunye bamaKatolika, nto leyo zingqonge kumkani. Kungenjalo, yintoni enye into ukwenza irhuluneli ukwanelisa utshaba lwakhe Pope?

iimbacu Simple-nye, ufunga ukuba kanye kubulisa ukumkani, bathi kuye inyaniso. Emva kokufunda inyaniso, irhuluneli uya kukunceda abantu bakhe. Ngelishwa, la mazwi wayiva wazenza mntu wumbi wamaJesuit ukusebenza kunye noyise enikezwe Lachaise, confessor yokumkani, ngubani na lo mtshutshisi obuProtestante.

Versailles

Ityhila iintsilelo ezinkulu abasemagunyeni isiFrentshi, uVoltaire. Simple-nye ukuza Versailles ngexesha elinye kunye Ukulahla bamaKatolika. Lo mfana, xa naivete yakhe, ndandicinga ukuba msinyane nje eze, uya kudibana nokumkani, ukuba axelele zobuqhawe bakhe uze ube imvume umvuzo ukutshata intanda yakhe, kwaye avule amehlo akho nokumkani imeko mathe okuyinene Huguenot.

Ngobunzima, ndiya ukuphatha ukufumana abaphulaphuli ingenuously igosa lenkundla elula kuphela. Uthi iqhawe ukuba sikhundla sakhe ke thembela kuphela ukuthengwa abakuluhlu uLieutenant. Lo mfana ezimbi kukuba zenziwe ukuba ahlawule ngenxa yokuba esichengeni ubomi bakhe ngenxa yozuko isithsaba. Hero berates amagosa kunye wathembisa ukuba kumxelela ukumkani ukumatha. Ukususela kule omnye, inkundla iqukumbela undwendwe lwakhe ukuba wayephambene, ngoko musa uqhoboshele nayiphi ukubaluleka la mazwi.

Bawo Lachaise, loo mini wafumana iileta ezimbini. Lokuqala - ukusuka wamaJesuit, kwaye eyesibini - ukusuka izihlobo St. ezibethwe, ekuthiwa ofutha elula-ezifanayo madcap, lowo waxhokonxa amajoni ukuba aqhumisele woonongendi utshontsha intombazana.

Emva kwezi ngxelo amajoni odolwa kubamba lo mfana. Night ukuba hero ukuba beze, nangona nokumelana bungwanyalala, wathumela Bastille. Apha iwela kwiseli enye kunye sobulumko-Jansenists Gordon.

Bastille

Ngelo xesha, wasinda isiphelo uVoltaire ngokwakhe. "I elula" ( "gaby ezamahala" kwezinye iinguqulelo) yayinenjongo ukubonisa nendlela lula umntu onyanisekileyo eFransi ukuba ibe ngaphaya kwezitshixo.

Bawo Gordon, umntu onobubele-zilumkileyo, ndaye Bastille singagwetywanga ngokuba wala ukuba baqaphele amandla mda le Pope eFransi. Indoda enkulu yobomi bakhe elide iye efunde oluninzi ulwazi, kunye naloo mfana waba nomdla omkhulu ezintweni zonke entsha. Ukuncokola amabanjwa ezimbini kuxhaphaka ngoku ezinomdla kakhulu yaye uyafundisa. Kodwa kwengqondo kunye ezilula-nye naivety badla faka sobulumko ngxi.

Umfana ufunda izicatshulwa ezininzi iincwadi zembali. Kule uphetha ukuba uluntu lonke ubukho bayo ngamaxesha onke wenza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kuphela. Kodwa ke, emva kokufunda Malebranche, uyazi ukuba yonke into esiyibonayo - nje inxalenye enkulu womatshini, nto leyo umphefumlo kaThixo. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo ingqondo iba namandla ingenuously, yena baziinkosi zabo nokwakheka, imathematika, geometry.

ukwazi inyaniso

impendulo enkulu kakhulu esidlangalaleni yaba kwimveliso wabhala uVoltaire. "I elula" - isikakhulu ukugxekwa bamandla kumkani, nangenxa oku lula ulahlekelwe intloko yakhe ngelo xesha.

Iimpikiswano ubudala young sobulumko umfundi horrify. Gordon amjonge kwaye uyaqonda ukuba ubomi bakhe bonke uxhalela kuphela kunye nokukhuthazwa ucalucalulo, kunye umfundi wakhe lungazi, ephulaphula ilizwi uhlobo, yakwazi ukuba ukusondela inyaniso lisondele kakhulu. Free evela izimvo nolulahlekisayo, ilula-wayeqonda ukuba ilungelo lomntu eziphambili - inkululeko. Uthi ukuba iimbambano scholastics zizinto ezingento, asinto zanto. UThixo yonke into, ngoko iimbambano ezingenamsebenzi amakholwa. Gordon uyaqonda ukuba amalungelo akhe umfundi, yaye kufika wadimazeka ekuqapheleni iimpazamo zabo. Emlonyeni ubuntu bakhe izigwebo zabo malunga uhlobo lonqulo, uVoltaire ( "ilula-babechubekile").

Kwangaxeshanye, eSt ezibethwe ugqiba kwelokuba aye afune nesithandwa sakhe kwaye uya Versailles.

umphumela

St. ezibethwe sibaleka phantsi icici iya yokuhlala yokumkani. Yena ngamandla lizama ukufumana intlanganiso kunye iindwalutho ezahlukeneyo, kungekudala efumanise ukuba intanda lawo Bastille. Amagosa, waxelela eSt ezibethwe, liva kabuhlungu xa akakwazi ukwenza okulungileyo isikhundla sakhe, okanye ukuncipha. Kodwa kubonisa ukuba uMphathiswa unako ukunceda de Saint-Puanzh. Girl ifumana ukubonana umyalelo, kodwa ngenxa okukhutshwa Simple-afuna ukuthanda eSt kwezine. Eqhelekileyo ngokuyityhala kwixhoba. Kwaye St. ezibethwe kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bawele ukuze ugcine omthandayo.

Simple-nye ufumana inkululeko. Kodwa Intombazana ukubandezeleka ngenxa yoko elishweni lakhe, bafe nomkhuhlane. Emva kokufunda yokufa St. ezibethwe, Puanzh abaguquka emisebenzini yabo.

Kuthatha ixesha, leyo ithambisa yonke into. Simple-nye uba igosa ekufeni kwakhe lugcina kukhunjulwa omthandayo.

UVoltaire, "ingenuous": Uhlalutyo

A isici esasenza le mveliso kukuba sobulumko nje wavakalisa uluvo lwakhe malunga urhulumente kunye nebandla yesixhobo, kodwa ingqalelo elikhulu umfanekiso iimvakalelo bantu.

Kweli bali, uVoltaire wazama ukufumana ukulingana phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi, yaye ukuze ufumane umlinganiselo la. Ke kaloku inkululeko yabantu, leyo kuthiwa ukunika kukumkani. Inkululeko yabantu kwi engundoqo ngexesha uwaphule icawa, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba sobulumko yabe kwiNtetho yakhe.

Ngo-1994 kwenziwa ibe movie, "The elula" (uVoltaire). Lo mboniso wenziwa ngokudibeneyo yi-US, Russia, France. Noko ke, ababukeli a ithandwa enkulu awayifumanayo.