Theory Maxwell kunye neempawu zayo

Ngoku phantse wonke umntu uyazi ukuba zombane kunye nemagnethi bezalana ngqo omnye komnye. Nokuba kukho eyodwa isebe ophanda ukuba ufunda izenzakalo electromagnetic. Kodwa ngenkulungwane ye-19 de kube laliqulunqwe yi ingcamango magnetic Maxwell yakhe, yonke into eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kwacingwa, umzekelo, ukuba yombane amasimi obekwayo kuphela kwamasuntswana nemizimba, Ukuba i electric isigxina, kwaye magnetic ngeempawu - sha eyahlukileyo kwinkalo yenzululwazi.

Ngo-1864, i odumileyo British yamachiza D. K. Maksvell yalatha ngqo unxulumano kagesi kunye zibuthe izenzakalo. Ivula kuye ngokuba "ingcamango intsimi magnetic ka Maxwell." Ngenxa yakhe, wakwazi yokusombulula inani amalahle ngokwemiqathango electrodynamics elo xesha, imibuzo.

Yezinto eliphezulu-iprofayile lusoloko isekelwe kumsebenzi lwabaphandi zangaphambili. theory Maxwell kaThixo - akukho ngaphandle. Eyona lisahlulayo ukuba Maxwell iye ngokuvakalayo iziphumo ezifunyenwe ababengaphambi kwakhe. Ngokomzekelo, wabonisa ukuba ngamava Faraday zingasetyenziswa nje kuphela ndzhendzheleko okuvala ngento conductive, kodwa eziquka nayiphi na into. Kule meko isiphaluka kubonisa intsimi sombane solenoidal ochaphazela nje kuphela yikristale emkhusaneni le sentsimbi. Ekubeni lo mbono xa izinto Heating endle ichanekile kakhulu ukuthetha imisinga nokwehlukana. Kwakhona ukwenza umsebenzi, nto leyo ukuba shushu imathiriyeli kwiqondo elithile.

Eyokuqala ukusola sokudityaniswa nombane zibuthe ngezenzeko wabonakala ngo-1819. H. Oersted waphawula ukuba kufuphi umqhubi yangoku ukubeka ikhampasi, kwicala utolo kuphambuka North Pole.

Ngowe-1824, A. Ampere yaqulunqa umthetho yentsebenziswano phakathi ababhexeshi, kamva ngokuba 'ngumthetho Ampere kaThixo. "

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1831, Faraday wanika imbonakalo ngoku kwisekethe, nto leyo ibekwe nokutshintsha zibuthe.

theory Maxwell kukuba ukusombulula ingxaki ezingundoqo electrodynamics: a eyaziwa nokwabiwa lwendawo iindleko zombane (imisinga) ukumisela iimpawu ezithile kwiinkalo eyenziwe Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane. Le mbono alizithathi ngokwabo iindlela engunobangela nesenzeko okwenzekayo.

theory Maxwell likaThixo ngokusondeleyo bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye abize, njengoko kwinkqubo kwizibalo kuthathwa ukuba unxibelelwano kagesi kuhamba ngesantya wokukhanya, kungakhathaliseki ukuba eliphakathi. Inkalo ebalulekileyo mbono kukuba rhoqo yayo ibandakanya loo amasimi eyile:

- generate imisinga amakhulu kunye neentlawulo, asasazwa umthamo omkhulu (amaxesha amaninzi ubungakanani i-atom okanye molecule);

- ezahlukeneyo Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane namasimi zinokwahluka ngokukhawuleza ixesha iinkqubo zomoya;

- umgama phakathi kwe abaliweyo kwindawo kwISithuba nomthombo asendle lingaphezulu ubungakanani athom (molecule).

Konke oku kukhombisa ukuba Maxwell kaThixo imfundiso ibhekisela ngezenzeko le macrocosm. physics Modern iinkqubo ezininzi zichazwe ngokwemigaqo theory quantum. E Maxwell kaThixo fomula quantum kubonakaliswa Bakhona engenakubalwa. Kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo Maxwell ngayo kwizibalo uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezithile ngempumelelo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ekubeni imisinga nobuninzi kuthiwe umbane kunye neentlawulo, oko isondlo kunokwenzeka ukuba yabo, kodwa uhlobo ngemagnethi. Kule ngo 1831 nenye Dirac, aveza zabo magnetic monopoles. Ngokubanzi, iinkolelo ezisisiseko theory zilandelayo:

- magnetic entsimini yenziwa nokuxuba electric entsimini;

- alternating zibuthe kudala intsimi sombane uhlobo vortical.