Imfundiso ubulungisa kwezentlalo namalungelo

Ingcamango okusesikweni isoloko wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na phakathi kwabantu, engomnye ndidi obalulekileyo. Eneneni, amaqela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala zenza igalelo ezahlukileyo ebomini loqoqosho nentlalo kuluntu yaye badlale indima ezahlukeneyo kuso, kodwa ubuncinane ezithile izibonelelo zoqoqosho kufuneka nakanjani na ngaphandle kokukhetha. A Theory of Justice ijolise ukuhlalutya ingqiqo kunokuba ezinzima, kwelinye icala, neemfuneko ukulingana, yaye kwelinye icala - ukulingana.

Le ukungangqinelani kwinkcazelo ubulungisa kwezentlalo ukumqumbisa ukugxekwa noosozoqoqosho ekunene-melo kunye ideologues. Bona ingqalelo kokwenza lwentlalo engahambelaniyo nemigaqo zemarike, kwaye kananjalo wathi ukuba ngokuchaseneyo ukhuphiswano kunye nenkululeko. A Theory of Justice, wazalwa kwi 70s kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, iinzame ahlanganise endleleni la magama ebonakala ezazingasombululeki. Yaba isiseko zesiganeko esinjalo bulumko kwezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo, njenge-liberalism ekhohlo.

Iinkalo eziphambili zezi ingqibelelo equity, bendiqonda inkqubo akanamdla besifanelekileyo ukunikezelwa iimpahla eziyimfuneko ngokusekelwe ushicilelo namhlanje okulungileyo endala theory of contract lwentlalo, kwaye babizwa ngokuba "umkhusane bengazi". Igama yokugqibela kuthetha ukuba izigqibo malunga ukwabiwa kakuhle, kufuneka kuqala kufuna ukukhusela abantu abaninzi abasemngciphekweni, ngokuba mababulawe ibe kwimeko yokuba babengazi ukuba yintoni na isikhundla ekuhlaleni luya kuthatha yaye yintoni iingenelo ziya kufumana. Umbhali kolu luvo yaba Dzhon Rolz. "A Theory of Justice" - isihloko enye yeencwadi ebalaseleyo kule nzulu ngezinto. "Ukukhulisa lokulingana nje kakuhle, kodwa ukuba ithuku kakhulu yendalo yomntu nengqiqo, - sobulumko - ukungalingani unako azisebenzisele kuphela kwiimeko apho kube lula ubunzima amahlwempu."

Dzhona Rolza ncwadi yabangela ukuba mpikiswano oosonzululwazi kuphela, kodwa ke uphuhliso iingcamango ezintsha ezinxulumene namalungelo oluntu. Ngokukodwa, abavikeli amalungelo oluntu kufuneka ahlawule ingqalelo ngakumbi amalungelo zentlalo kunye nokhuseleko lwabo. A Theory of Justice, elixolelanisa naye iingqiqo wenkululeko kunye ukulingana kwezentlalo, kuye kwakhokelela nenkcazo ecace inkululeko hlobo. "Inkululeko ukuba 'weza ukuze ziqondwe kuphela nje inkululeko yokuzikhethela urhulumente, iinkolelo zonqulo okanye bazibandakanye kwamanye amaqela, kodwa ukuba amalungelo ezoqoqosho. Nembono "kukhululeka" ibandakanya amacandelo nje ezifana inkululeko ebukhobokeni kunye sentuthumbo, kodwa indlala.

theory Equity nalo ngokunamathela kakhulu ebuza ukuba amalungelo omntu kuthunyelelwa okulungileyo kuluntu, kwaye aphendule ngayo kakubi. Dzhon Rolz ukholelwa ukuba lo mntu kuthiwa nkqu Immanuel Kant, akanakuba ndlela, kodwa injongo kuphela, nangenxa yokuba amalungelo nenkululeko ayikwazi ukuba lincitshiswe ngenxa intlalo-ntle ekuhlaleni kunye noxolo. Kwelinye icala, uluhlu amalungelo omntu kuquka ilungelo okwanele umgangatho wokuphila, ekufuneka kubonelelwa ngurhulumente.

Ngawo onke iintsilelo kunye ingqiqo elinokuvela zesifundiswa Harvard, izigqibo zakhe eziphambili belingekanyuswa yi kakhulu abadumileyo bewenza ngamazwe kunye abalwela amalungelo oluntu. amalungelo abantu ayahlukahlukenanga, bexabana, ngokuba abantu abahlala ekoyikeni abacinezelayo, kunye nabantu abahlala ngaphandle ukhuseleko loluntu, ngabo abo bangamaxhoba ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu. ngamava abo exesha elide sibonisa indlela efanelekileyo Rawls. theory Equity ubukhulu becala yaqinisekiswa yokusebenza - ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu rhoqo ukujikelezisa ingxaki yentlupheko, nendlala sikhokelela kwesinye ukuhlukumeza kunye nodlame. Ukuze ngamnye kuthi ifanelwe kwinqanaba elifanayo amathuba kunye nomgangatho elifanayo wobomi.