Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo mmandla. Amathuba yophuhliso. yophuhliso lwentlalo

Okwangoku, uqoqosho lwehlabathi Kukho into inkqubo nzima - jikelele. kwayo uye waba inguqu enkulu. Baye ngayo phantse onke amacandelo uqoqosho kazwelonke kumazwe amaninzi. Kulo mzekelo, utshintsho olwenzeka kwiimeko ezininzi, zidityaniswe, indalo akucingeleki, le advance. ngamanye amaxesha iba nefuthe elibi kwi wonke amacandelo ezoqoqosho belizwe, ekugqibeleni bazisa ilahleko noqhekeko. Kule meko, izazinzulu yamazwe amaninzi iye yanikwa uxanduva ukufunda iinkqubo zangaphakathi ehlabathi jikelele, leyo ixhomekeke ngqo kuphuhliso lwequmrhu ngalinye kurhwebo lwehlabathi.

Inkqubo yelizwe jikelele

intshukumo Modern jikelele ayikwazi ukuba ezilungisele-sikhokelo kwezikim yeengcingane ezazikho ngaphambili, ezisekelwe phezu sele iziganeko zembali yenzekile. Xa intliziyo inkqubo esetyenziselwa ukubeka ngobhalo ixesha engenasiphelo kunye nendawo lophuhliso loluntu. Jikelele kunye nemithetho yayo esisiseko baye babonisa ngokucacileyo besimo mazwi: Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nokusebenza koqoqosho lwehlabathi anqongophele ngenxa kwamajelo aphelayo kunye neenkqubo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Ngenxa yoko, ingqiqo entsha yophuhliso jikelele, kuqulethe iseti izicwangciso kunye neemeko ntweni, ukujongana nemingeni ehlabathini. Ukulwa nentlupheko impumelelo-ntle yabantu emhlabeni - le yenye ye-mngeni emikhulu yelizwe jikelele, leyo kunokuzuzwa kuphela xa ukukhula lemivuzo ephantsi labemi belizwe kunye ukwanda kwemveliso jikelele karhulumente ngamnye. Xa inkqubo yokufezekisa iinjongo idlala indima ebalulekileyo iseti lilonke zonke iimeko zangaphandle nangaphakathi, ezifana kokusingqongileyo ubudlelwane eluntwini. Kuphela unxibelelwano ilungelo abantu uluntu kwaye noluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo kuya kuba lula ukwandisa kakhulu kuphuhliso parameters ngokoMthetho kunye nemigangatho.

Russia kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho mihla

Ngenxa ngokuwa eSoviet Union kunye uqeqeshelwa ukuba neentlobano zorhwebo , uqoqosho eRashiya lifumanise umothuko omkhulu, ukusuka apho ezingahlawulelwayo unanamhla. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, oko lijongene umsebenzi yokukhetha iqhinga ukuze ixesha elide, kuxhomekeke apho aya kumiselwa indawo yayo elizayo ehlabathini. Kubalulekile ukunika uhlolo oluchanekileyo onke amathuba eli lizwe aze agqibe indawo yokuqala ekuqaleni uya kunikelwa kuzo. Kulo mzekelo, ukuvavanya indima kunye nendawo Russia ixabisa malunga uzinzo kwezoqoqosho wayo, into ke leyo nayo, kufuneka afune ukunciphisa iindleko, ngokusekelwe ezinye izibonelelo engenakuhlaziywa zendalo kunye nokutshintshwa yabo ibuyiselwe okanye ngaphantsi ezinqabileyo. Enye into ebalulekileyo apha nolondolozo lwendalo kwi imeko enye. Xa iimeko mihla, xa kumashishini ezininzi izixhobo lemveliso kukade icangcisiwe lixesha, utshintsho ngokubanzi kuqoqosho lwasekhaya kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe ezintsha. Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela kunye nezikim ezitsha ziza kuphucula umgangatho nobungakanani kweemveliso. Oku kuya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekwandeni ukukwazi ukukhuphisana karhulumente. Le meko - enye imigaqo ezikhokelela kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo kwimimandla Russia kwinkqubo jikelele yehlabathi. Ngoko ke, zonke iinguqu kufuneka ukuba izifundo ngenyameko rhoqo, ngokusekelwe abaya olunye utshintsho kwenziwa. kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuphathelele oku mali lwentlalo uphuhliso lwengingqi. Ukongeza imisebenzi ukuphucula umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho imimandla, edibanisa nemcimbi ejoliswe nokugcina inqanaba olwaneleyo ngokhuseleko loluntu kwabemi. Social Development Fund zeMimandla miba kubaluleke kakhulu efaka nokuba ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunye nokhathalelo karhulumente ngokuba lonke ilizwe.

Jikelele ezincwadini lwanamhlanje

theory kwezoqoqosho Modern unikezelwa ingxaki jikelele, kukho inani elikhulu imisebenzi. Noko ke, kwihlabathi kwesayensi kude akukho ingcamango ecacileyo jikelele, omnye wababhali inxaxheba kwesi sifundo, kuzisa into yabo, babeka ukuqonda yabo inkqubo. Uninzi oososayensi ichonge iinkqubo inkqubo yelizwe jikelele. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, kwicandelo lezemali, inkqubo yemveliso kunye lentengiso kubuchwepheshe ulwazi. Abaphandi kwakhona waqonda impembelelo ebangelwa jikelele kwi uluntu ehlabathini liphela. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa computerization yoluntu blurs imida kwiimalike zemali, kuba lula ukuhamba capital, iyantlukwano kwezoqoqosho karhulumente uba kwemiqathango.

Imingeni yokudibana nelizwe lonke

Ukuchaza ii-nkqubo jikelele ngokupheleleyo, kufuneka ukuhlola zonke iintlobo apho kuziveza. Ukuze benze oku, inyathelo lokuqala Cazulula ingxaki jikelele, oko kukuthi ukuba awabe iingxaki ezithile ukwenzela amaqela athile, kuzo kwixesha elizayo iya kuthi kwinkqubo - inkqubo yophuhliso lwengingqi. Ngale ndlela ulwahlulohlulo lula ukusombulula ingxaki yokuqonda ithiyori kunye nokufumana iindlela zokusombulula. Kule iingxaki ukwahlukana ngokwamaqela asiyonjongo ekugqibeleni. Le yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo indlela ebanzi ekusombululeni iingxaki. Lendlela utyhila wihi iinjongo ukuchonga indlela unxibelelwano engundoqo ukuseka intsebenziswano kwaye kuchongwe nemiba ebalulekileyo yehlabathi jikelele, izifundo ekufuneka zenzeka kwindawo yokuqala. Ukongeza, ingxaki zokuhlela kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo impembelelo efanayo wabumba ulandelelwano lokugqibela amanyathelo epraktikhali msebenzi. ekulinganisweni ngokuchanekileyo ikhefu ngengxaki ngokwezigaba, apho isigaba ngasinye yophando iya eneenkcukacha ngakumbi kwaye zichanekile. Ngoko ke yibani ngokucacileyo izinto ezibonakalayo uphuhliso lwengingqi.

Kwakhona uncwadi Modern ayiboneleli isikhokelo nengadidiyo phambili esakhiweni iseti eziqhelekileyo iingxaki kumaqela. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezichaza inkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, eso sabelo nawuphi na ingxaki kuyo naliphi iqela elithile okwekat eqhelekileyo. Kulo mba, indlela yokwahlukana ngokwamaqela engazanga wabonwa kuphela oyinyaniso, kodwa njengomnye ezimbalwa, iziphumo ekufuneka sinikele ingqalelo. Kuyanceda ukuba siqonde ngcono uhlobo ukuvela nemiba ebalulekileyo yehlabathi jikelele ukuseta ulwalamano lwabo lwangaphakathi kunye namanye. Oku kufuneka ukuba ayahlule zibalelwa subgroups ngenxa ngokuyintloko nomthamo yokunqongophala kwabantu, ngenxa yazo abantu abakwazi ukumelana nangoko umsebenzi lonke jikelele.

Izifundo yenkqubo yoqoqosho

Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo ngingqi ikakhulu luphawulwa ukuzalana phakathi kwemveliso kunye nemali. Kule nkalo nokuphatha ukwandisa wonke unyaka yempembelelo kwizifundo ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kulo mba, kukho ukukhula rhoqo lobudlelane urhwebo phakathi abadlali zemarike entsimini ubudlelwane zorhwebo kunye neenkonzo. Ubume kuqoqosho mmandla iquka izinto ezininzi. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, ziquka:

- ngokomeleza intsebenziswano phakathi izifundo market kwanokwandisa imveliso kusekude kakhulu;

- nokudalwa zamazwe ngamazwe;

- intshukumo rhoqo eyinkunzi ngaphandle uqoqosho isifundo kwesinye kuqoqosho noguqulo lwemali;

- nokunikezelwa zorhwebo kunye enabela phakathi nxaxheba emarikeni.

inkqubo yehlabathi yezoqoqosho Single kunefuthe elingqalileyo kwinani amaqela ngaphakathi kummandla enye, nganye eneyazo impembelelo yayo kwi-GDP kwihlabathi. Ekugqibeleni, inkoliso zorhwebo hlabathi kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo kunye nokwabelana iimveliso (raw materials) phakathi kwamacandelo. Umzekelo omhle woku ubudlelwane phakathi kophuhliso ethile acatshuliweyo kwimarike, ethi mayibalwe engaphezu kweyi-60% yazo zonke iintlobo zorhwebo lwehlabathi. Ngelo xesha abantu kula maqumrhu ingaphantsi kwe-20% sabemi behlabathi. It ngummeli eliphambili le-EU, apho ukuya kwi-70% yabo bebonke ingeniso urhwebo iwela urhwebo phakathi kwamaqela Union.

Iinkampani namaziko credit

Ingqwalasela ephambili kuqoqosho lwanamhlanje yeyona jikelele jikelele eyinkunzi. Phantsi kwezi meko, State nganye abathatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo yezoqoqosho ehlabathini, kubalulekile ukusebenza kunye zamazwe ngamazwe sokubambela kwiimeko ezininzi njengokuba namaqabane ngokulinganayo. Kulo mzekelo, iinkampani ayakwazi ukuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kulawulo koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngokubanzi. Kulo mba, urhulumente kazwelonke yokuqala kwizikolo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu banyanzeleka ukuba bagqibe nabo ezahlukeneyo izivumelwano kwezoqoqosho. Kule meko, umfutho ngamandla kuphuhliso yaba yindawo yokurhweba mboleko eyinkunzi. Yaqala kuvele imfuneko ukudala amaqonga yorhwebo ngqo apho iibhanki otyalwayo ibekwe kwelinye ilizwe kwaye esebenza imali kweli lizwe, ukuze iboleke okanye iidipozithi abaqeshwanga lwemali kazwelonke. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi enjalo Andisekho ngumthetho wesizwe. Kwimarike lokubolekisa ke kukho le meko zilandelayo: ayiphelelanga yimithetho yesizwe, ezi marike kufuneka unokuzuza nokhuphiswano ngenxa imilinganiselo yenzala ezingalawulwayo. ekugqibeleni oku kwakhokelela ekwandeni kakhulu kwezibonelelo ngetyala yoqoqosho lwehlabathi kwaye lula kakhulu ukufikelela kuzo ngumsebenzisi ekupheleni. Oku, kuye kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso loluntu.

Uphuhliso ezintsha kummandla

Kwilizwe lethu, njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, ke ephambili engundoqo yokuphucula umsebenzi lwezoqoqosho ukuqaliswa ezintsha kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa yabemi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuphunyezwa yi-odolo ngqo ngaphezulu. Kulo mba, omnye iindima abaphambili isisombululo sale ngxaki inikwa kwabasemagunyeni, nto leyo kufuneka babeke izinto ezifanelekileyo kwimisebenzi yabo ngqo. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala kuphuhliso lwesicwangciso yommandla liquka ukudalwa iimeko kakuhle kwi ez phantsi kolawulo zazo zophuhliso lwemisebenzi yemveliso kunye noshishino, ngokubonelela iimeko ezithandwa utyalo-mali. Kubalulekile ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu ezenzeka jikelele. Kufuneka kwakhona rhoqo ukuhlela imisebenzi, ezijolise kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo mmandla, iindlela kunye neendlela zokufumana kubo. Not indima mncinane kwinkqubo yokudlala iimpawu zendalo kulo mmandla. Bona kwabalelwa kubaphandi ukuvavanya amathuba kuphuhliso Russia. Kuba ukusetyenziswa ngcono umthamo intsimi kule nqubo urhulumente, esekwe kumthetho kumgangatho karhulumente. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kule meko ikhutshwa phandle umtsalane eyinkunzi equity kunye nezibonelelo oluntu kakhulu umdla ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho lweeprojekthi umbono. Xa ucinga amathuba Russia kubalulekile ukufumana iindlela ukugcina kumashishini eziphakamileyo-zobugcisa. Ukusombulula le mibandela ingqalelo omnye ngokubaluleka kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Kuphela ngendlela ehlanganisiweyo kulawulo karhulumente kunye basekuhlaleni nabasemagunyeni ithuba lophuhliso loqoqosho qualitative wokhuphiswano yaseRashiya. Oku kufuna ukuqaliswa iindlela ezintsha zombini namasebe ezikhoyo zokusebenza ezitsha, ziya kuqaliswa kuloo mmandla zesifundo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oko ukukwazi ukuzila kuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe bale mihla kuxhomekeka nokhuphiswano kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo mmandla.

Iimanyano nxaxheba yemarike ngaphakathi sikhokelo sifundo

A indima ephambili ekuphumezeni ingxenye lobugcisa abadlali ngalinye kwimarike ngamnye ngaphaya kwamandla yokuhlanganisa kunye neqela zonke imi kummandla, imibutho kunye nosomashishini. Kuphela kwimeko yokudityaniswa kwinkqubo enye zobugcisa onke amashishini angakha ezikumgangatho ophezulu imveliso kukhuphiswano. Ngelo xesha linye kumbutho onjalo kufuneka iqatshelwe ngokusemthethweni yi-mandla zengingqi (zikarhulumente). Olunye uhlobo ingqalelo iNgxowa-mali yoPhuhliso yeNgingqi, njengoko zivunywe kwinqanaba likarhulumente kulo. Oku kuquka iminqweno yabo bonke abachaphazelekayo: norhulumente, amaziko ezemali, amashishini kwimizi-mveliso namanye abaku-nxaxheba emarikeni. Kulo mzekelo, ukusebenza zemveliso lokugqibela luya kuxhomekeka ukhuphiswano imveliso kwi iqonga yorhwebo ophezulu-zobugcisa, nto leyo eya kuba kuyo iinkampani hayi ngamnye kunye izakhiwo lonke yenzululwazi kunye nemibutho. Kuba uphuhliso kunye nokuqaliswa yeemveliso ezintsha zonke iimeko ziya kwenziwa kule meko: inkxaso-mali kunye nokuzinzisa iqumrhu lezorhwebo, apho ekugqibeleni kuya kukhokelela ekomelezeni nendawo kwindawo ethile, kunye nokuphucula uphuhliso kwezoqoqosho naseRussia njengohlobo yonke. Amalungu lombutho zinxulunyaniswa ezahlukeneyo iimvumelwano iimbono. Angazeki inani izibophelelo, kunye ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi yabo kwicandelo zemali, kwinqanaba lorhwebo notyalo-mali kunye nenani kwezinye iinkalo zolawulo. Ayizi akanakuhlala ngaphandle ingqalelo kunye nophuhliso lwezentlalo lweli mmandla. Uthatho-nxaxheba kolu manyano kwenziwa ngokuzithandela, eyona njongo ephambili ye nxaxheba ngamnye ukuze afumane inzuzo. Ukusekwa kunye nokusebenza maqela phakathi iziko loshishino ikuvumela intsimi ebelapha ukuya kwimodeli kuqikelelwa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kummandla, ngokusekelwe kwi ezintsha owaziswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo.

ukhuphiswano emarikeni

Ukhuphiswano yenye neengqikelelo ezingundoqo kwi inkcazo lobudlelwane emarikeni. Kuphela phantsi kweemeko kwenkqubo kukhuphiswano lorhwebo olukhululekileyo uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa kakuhle. Ukhuphiswano sisixhobo jikelele yokuqingqa inani labathathi-nxaxheba zemarike, umthamo yonikezelo kunye namaxabiso. Eyona njongo ephambili nayiphi na inkampani kukuba ukuze afumane inzuzo. Ukwenza oku ukuze khuphiswano luvuleleke ukuba umlimi ngamnye ngamnye kufuneka ube yinto ukubetha izitha zabo. Kulo mzekelo, i "ukhuphiswano" yinto efunekayo balo matshinana lemarike, ibonelela intsebenziswano nenzuzo kakhulu kwi umlimi-nkonzo, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa eyinkunzi. Xa imveliso lokhuphiswano ngusomashishini nganye alixhalabanga nje kuphela ukunciphisa iindleko, kodwa ukwandisa nokuphucula umgangatho kwimveliso. Konke oku kujoliswe ekuphuculeni iimpawu iimpahla, ukuhla amaxabiso ayo, ngoko ke, bafumana iinzuzo ezisuka kwezinye abenzi. Kulo mzekelo, olu khuphiswano isebenza njengento ekhuthazayo kwinkqubela kwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko yokwazisa ubugcisa obutsha, nokwandisa iindidi kweempahla kunye neenkonzo, ngendleko kunye nokuphucula umgangatho.

imisebenzi ukhuphiswano

Imisebenzi ephambili kukhuphiswano zezi:

- focus on iimfuno ngamnye umenzi lokuphela-umsebenzisi (kwimeko xa inkampani iba ezingonelisiyo, iimveliso zayo musa ukufumana umthengi ekupheleni kunye imisebenzi imveliso yempahla eyeka);

- zivunywa phakathi abavelisi (kweli loshishino kunye iimveliso abizayo okanye onganeno ngaphandle imarike);

- ifuthe kwimveliso nokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo;

- ifuthe nokunikezelwa kwezibonelelo wokuqala;

- ummiselo kwinqanaba ixabiso lentengiso yeempahla kunye neenkonzo.

Not indima mncinane kukhuphiswano kuyo yonke iminyango kwimizi kudlala ixesha apho le nkqubo kwisiseko semveliso. Ngoku ke lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe izigaba ezine:

1. Ukungena imveliso entsha. Okwangoku, kukho iimali ezincinane yempahla bathengisa, ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa efanayo (ukuba zikhona).

2. Growth Step. Ingaba ukunyuka umthamo imveliso ngenxa kwimfuneko ekhulayo, inqanaba eliphezulu ixabiso isaqhubeka.

3. Inqanaba lokuvuthwa. Umthamo kwimveliso ufikelela kwincopho yayo, kofika ukuhla imfuno ngenxa neCAPS kwempahla kwindawo zorhwebo, ngenxa yokhuphiswano kukho ukuwa kwamaxabiso.

4. iphelelwe Step. Imfuno iimveliso kukuba ubuncinane yayo, imithamo yemveliso yancitshiswa, umgangatho wokhuphiswano ijonge zero, imarike kukho analogs esebenza ngakumbi, ubuninzi imveliso liyasuswa imveliso.