Umzimba Ulwabiwo: isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi. amalungu excretory kwezilwanyana: inkcazelo, ixabiso

Kukugcina inqanaba eqhelekileyo yokucolwa emzimbeni, ebizwa homeostasis, ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ulawulo neurohumoral of yokuphefumla, ukwetyisa, ikheswa kwegazi zizalele nakuzo. Eli nqaku liza kuqwalaselwa ulwabiwo omzimba kwabantu nezilwanyana, yesakhiwo umsebenzi, kwakunye ixabiso abasabela pathways ngayo izinto eziphilayo.

Ukubaluleka begazi izitho yokwaba

Ngenxa ukutya okukhoyo kwiseli nganye ibe esiphilayo oluhlala izixa ezikhulu zezinto ezinetyhefu, icarbon dioxide, iityuwa ammonia. Ukuba ubasuse udinga inkqubo ishenxisa ubuthi kokusingqongileyo. Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi inkqubo excretory wafunda nokwakheka zomzimba.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ulwabiwo organ ekwanti ivela izilwanyana ezingenamqolo kunye macala mazwe. Iindonga imizimba yazo iqanjwa ngeengcamba ezintathu: i eziphakathi Eksodusi kunye endoderm. Ezi eziphilayo ke ziintshulube caba ujikajikeleza, yaye inkqubo excretory zazimele protonephridia.

Indlela yokuqhuba amalungu excretory kwi flatworms kunye nematodes

Protonephridia amele inkqubo kwingxelo tubular osusela kwemijelo engundoqo longitudinal. Bona wabumba evela engaphandle lwegciwane umaleko - exoderm. Ubuthi ion kwemfuneko zixhonywa phezu komhlaba umzimba ziimpethu ngokusebenzisa pores.

Isiphelo engaphakathi inesixhobo iqela iinkqubo protonephridia - isiliya okanye misila. Ngumdolomba intshukumo yabo wavusa ulwelo intercellular, nto leyo enegalelo ekwenzeni umsebenzi ukuhluza kwezi yobisi excretory.

ulwabiwo ukuntsonkotha okuqhubekayo amalungu ezivela annelids

Annelids, ezifana yimisundululu, Nereis, lobworm isusiwe kwimveliso pathways umzimba wakho usebenzisa metanephridia - excretory amalungu ntshulube. Babe uhlobo ngemibhobho, omnye isiphelo apho leykovidno zandiswa kwaye banikwe isiliya, kwaye enye iya inshorensi izilwanyana kunye nokuvula - ixesha. Kama yesabelo sitho yimisundululu kungenxa ukuvela umzimba uvuleke aphakamileyo - coelom.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi tubules Malpighian

Abameli arthropods ezifana ulwabiwo ilungu kuthatha uhlobo tubules eyayizalwa, apho ukusuka hemolymph - ulwelo intracavitary - ukulibeka lichithakale ukutya kunye neemveliso amanzi agqithisileyo. Zibizwa ngokuba tubules Malpighian kwaye abameli ezithile eklasini ngayo izilwanyana ezinamaqokobhe nezinambuzane. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ukongeza imibhobho excretory, kukho omnye umzimba - umzimba amanqatha, leyo baziqwebele iimveliso metabolic. neempahla Malpighian, leyo wangena izinto eziyityhefu ingena kwicandelo ngasemva emathunjini. Ukusuka metabolites apho kwazona ngokusebenzisa empundwini.

umzimba ulwabiwo intlanzi - yenamvuna, lobster, lobster, - zimelwe ngamadlala eziluhlaza ezithi modified metanephridia. Bona zibekwe kwi cephalothorax yezilwanyana, isiseko elingasemva ajike. Phantsi amadlala eziluhlaza ibekwe intlanzi isinyi, excretory amaxesha okuvula.

ulwabiwo Ilungu zeentlanzi

Abameli iklasi iintlanzi ingamathambo yeyona kwingxaki inkqubo excretory. It has indlela omnyama-ebomvu imizimba iribhoni-ezimile - buti kwezintso ibekwe ngaphezu emoyeni isinye. Ukususela ngamnye kubo oshiya ureter apho umchamo aphuma aye esinyini, kwaye sele kulo - ekuwuvuleni enzala. Abameli iklasi lweentlanzi cartilaginous (ookrebe, imitha), i ureters qongqololo kungena cloaca kunye esinyini angekhoyo.

Ngokusekelwe isakhiwo sale nkqubo excretory, bonke ntlanzi ingamathambo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu: eziphila emanzini ahlaziyekileyo, amanzi netyuwa, kunye neqela ekuthiwa hambani-nge abahlala kokubini amtyuba namnandi ngokunxulumene iimpawu amaqanda.

Angenawo (bass, bream, zeCARP, bream) ukuthintela ukongezwa kakhulu emzimbeni yabo amanzi kufuneka ukususa isixa esikhulu ulwelo ngokusebenzisa tubules Malpighian kunye glomeruli sezintso. Ngenxa yoko, zeCARP izicatshulwa ukuya kwi-120 ml amanzi ngalinye 1 kg ubunzima bakhe, yaye catfish - up to 380-400 ml. Ukuba umzimba ungabi nayo ukungabikho wetyuwa, iigilizi iintlanzi amatsha kwenza njengoko iimpompo, amanzi sokumpompa i ion sodium kunye chlorine. ubomi Marine - cod, flounder, mackerel, - phezu koko, behlupheka kukungabi amanzi emzimbeni. Ukuze aphephe ukomisa kunye nokugcina uxinzelelo eziqhelekileyo osmotic emzimbeni, kuye kunyanzeleke ukuba usele amanzi olwandle, nto leyo yenziwa lihluziwe kwi kidney, nyulu evela ityuwa. Kwemfuneko sodium chloride isusiwe ngenxa iimpumlo kunye ngendle.

Yenza intlanzi ndawonye, ezifana sisinkantazi yaseYurophu, i ubuchule "tshintshela" osmoregulation olwenziwe izintso iigilizi, kuxhomekeka apho emanzini na kulo.

Inkqubo excretory in emanzini

Abandayo-abemi bume emhlabeni-amanzi, ixoxo iintlanzi ukususa iimveliso eziyingozi pathways lonke ulusu ebalelelwe lilanga kunye mesonephros. Xa amasele, leenewt, Ceylon umzimba ulwabiwo rybozmeya limelwe ezintsweni bafundelane ngezibini, ibekwe ngapha nangapha yomqolo, kunye zeemoto evela ureters aqukuqela kungena cloaca. Inxalenye ngeemveliso sukube emzimbeni asuswe kubo ngokusebenzisa ziqwempu ukukhanya ukuba enze umsebenzi excretory, kunye nesikhumba.

izintso zangasese - amalungu eziphambili iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo nokwabiwa

Xa inkqubo mesonephros zazivelela iziguqule ibe luhlobo phambili ngakumbi amalungu excretory - kidney isinqe. Bona ibekwe ngaphakathi kwisisu zangasese, phantse ecaleni cloaca kwi ezirhubuluzayo neentaka zezulu, kwaye kufuphi gonads (namasende kunye amaqanda) - ezincancisayo. Ubunzima kunye umthamo izintso ziye zasinciphisa, kodwa amandla ucoco ye kidney, iiseli nephron uyandiswa kakhulu, kwaye oku kukhokelela kukuba ulwabiwo amalungu kwizilwanyana ukubayinxalenye iklasi iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, ngakumbi ngobuchule nyulu igazi kobutyobo kunye ukukhusela umzimba emzimbeni.

Ukongeza, iintaka, ngokuchaseneyo zonke ezinye ezinomqolo ezisentlabathini, akukho isinye, ngoko umchamo angakhuli kuzo, kwaye ureter engena kwangoko wakhwela cloaca, ngoko phandle. Esi sisixhobo wehlisa ubunzima umzimba neentaka, kubalulekile, unike ukukwazi ukubhabha.

Product kunye adsorption nemisebenzi izintso yabantu

Xa abantu, amalungu excretory - izintso - ifikelela kuphuhliso yayo ephezulu kunye lokufunda izifundo ezikhethiweyo. Oko kuthathwa compact kakhulu (ubunzima zombini abadala kidney ayidluli 300 g) lokucoca zebhayoloji, nto leyo edlulisela iiseli ngenxa yayo - nephrons kwiilitha ezingama-1,500 igazi ngosuku. Xa zomzimba amayeza, ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo umzimba qhoboshela ukubaluleka ethile. Kwinkqubo Chinese lezempilo U-Shin izintso zezona element engundoqo wobomi.

parenchyma sezintso iqulathe malunga 2 million nephrons, kuqulethe capsule of Bowman-Shymlanskaya apho inkqubo lokucoca igazi ukuyilwa umchamo zamabanga aphantsi, kunye tubules kwalula (yomtya of Henle), ukunika reabsorption - utsalo uyakhetha glucose, iivithamini kunye neeproteni ubunzima molekyuli ezantsi ukusuka umchamo lokuqala, kwaye zizibuyisele egazini. Ngenxa yoko, reabsorption kuyilwa umchamo eziziisekondari. Iqulethe agqithisile amanzi, iityuwa, urea. It ungenamandla kungena isinqe sezintso, yaye kuzo - xa ureters ukuya lwesinye. Oku malunga 2 l / ngosuku. Kulo isuswe ngokusebenzisa urethra yangaphandle.

Ngoko ayivumelekanga ukuqokelelana ulwelo kwi kwanangezibilini kwisisu kunye ukunxila umzimba kuyathintelwa.

Ukuze amalungu ngaphezulu excretory iimveliso metabolic

Koko sezintso enza indima ephambili osmoregulation kwaye susa neetyuwa kwemfuneko nobumdaka, umsebenzi ngokomkhethe excretory emzimbeni womntu isebenza imiphunga, ulusu, amadlala ukubila kunye lokugaya. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa Exchange kwegesi, yaphunyezwa alveoli apho ziqwempu ukukhanya lwenzeka ekupheliseni carbon dioxide, umphunga, izinto eziyityhefu, ezifana iimveliso yokubola ethanol. Ngu kukhuthaza kwamadlala ukubila isusiwe urea, iityuwa abangaphezu kwemfuneko kunye namanzi. Isibindi, ngaphandle indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokwetyisa, inactivates iimveliso yokuwa ityhefu kweziyi, iziyobisi, utywala, iityuwa of isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, kwaye bakhokele equlethwe egazini lwemithambo.

Ukusebenza onke amalungu (kwizintso, umphunga, ulusu, yokucola kunye kwamadlala ukubila), nto leyo umsebenzi semvelo excretory inika zesiqhelo reactions pathways kunye homeostasis.