Isiphaluka senkunzi: izigaba, ifom. Ukunyuka kwenkunzi

Kwizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo zoqoqosho, umgaqo-mali udlalwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomsebenzi kaRicardo, eli gama libonisa inxalenye yobutyebi besizwe esetyenziswa kwimveliso. Kwaye uKarl Marx wabiza iindleko zeentsikelelo, ezisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo, vumela ukunyusa izinga lokubaluleka ngokutyalomali kwimveliso.

Ngcamango ya namhlanje

Inkunzi ayiyinto ethile ngokukhethekileyo, okanye imveliso, okanye iimali, kodwa oko kukuxhalabisa okokugqibela, okwenzekayo kwinqanaba xa liqaliswe kwimveliso ngenjongo yokwenza inzuzo. Oku kufana nehlobo oluqhelekileyo lokubonakala kwepropati, uhlobo lwemali yokuhamba kwemnini, enenjongo yokufumana inzuzo ethile. Ngoko ke, ngombono oqhelekileyo wemali, yonke into engayifumana ingeniso. Ngenxa yoko, ingaba yindlela yokuvelisa, kunye nempahla egqityiweyo kunye nemali.

Inkqubo ehambelanayo

Ukusasazwa kwemali yinkqubo ekuqhutyelwa kuyo ukuhamba ngokulandelelana kwemveliso kunye nezigaba, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqinisekiswa kokuveliswa kwexabiso elongezelelweyo kunye nokuveliswa kwalo. Kwiimeko zobudlelwane beemarike, utyalo-mali mali kuthathwa njengebaluleke kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa kukuba bayiyinxalenye yesigaba sokwakha. Kwaye le yona nxalenye eyenza ukuba idlulisele ixabiso layo elityalomali kwimveliso emitsha ngokupheleleyo, ize ibuyele kumntu oshishino-shishino kwimodi yemali ekupheleni kwesekethe ngalinye, ekufuneka kubekho umlinganiselo wecandelo elincinane kunaloo mali. Ekubeni kulandela ukuba i-capital work and will be one of the most important criteria in determining the benefit of production.

Isiphaluka senkunzi: Ifomula kunye neSigaba No. 1

Kwixesha lokuhamba kwalo, iinqununu zidlulela kwiinqanaba eziliqela, ezi zibizwa ngokuba yizigaba, emva koko zibuyela kwifomu yayo yoqobo. Oko kukuthi, ukuqhubela phambili ngokwemali yemali, idlula kwizigaba ezintathu zokuhambisa.

Okokuqala kufaka iinjongo ezinjalo: inkunzi, eyokuthi ifom iya kubonakaliswa yileta D (imali), isetyenziswe ngumrhwebi, oko kukuthi, umntu onemali, kwiindlela zokuvelisa (i-Cn ebhalwe) kunye nakwizabasebenzi (Pc). Bobabini i-Cn kunye ne-Pc kweli nqanaba lokusasazwa kwemali yintengiso yithengiweyo yokuthengiswa kweenkqubo zenkqubo yokuvelisa. Ngokubhekiselele kwinto yokuba ukuqala umsebenzi akuyimfuneko nje kuphela izixhobo zokusebenza eziza kuthengwa kuyo inxalenye yentengo-mali, kodwa kunye neenkonzo zabasebenzi abaqashiweyo nazo zifunekayo, kwindlela ebekwe ngayo njengempahla-ngenxa yokwabiwa kwemali yokuhlawula umsebenzi wabo.

Isigaba No. 2

Ukongezelela, iifom zenguqu enkulu, "imali" (D) iba "yimveliso" (P). Njengomphumo wokusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvelisa, ngoko ifumana ifom yefowuni (T). Imveliso evelisiweyo, eqinisweni, ayifani naleyo efunyenwe kwisigaba sokuqala, zombini ukufaneleka (kwimimandla yangaphandle yomkhiqizo osandulweyo) kunye nokulinganisela (ngokusekelwe kwiindleko zokusetyenziswa kunye nentsile). Ngokomzekelo, kwinqanaba lokuqala, inxalenye yentengo-mali yathengwa izixhobo zokuthunga, izixhobo, njl njl., Kwaye ziqeshe abaqingqiweyo, izambatho, njl. Ewe, kwinqanaba lesibini le-P-stage, izikhwama zezemidlalo zahlanjululwa. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ngokucacileyo umahluko phakathi kwemveliso yesigaba sokuqala kwimveliso yokuvelisa.

Isigaba No. 3

Kwinqanaba lesithathu, ukusasazwa kwe-capital of the enterprise kwakhona kuya kuba yindawo yokuhambisa: umrhwebi uletha kwiimarike kwaye uthengisa iimpahla eziveliswe apho, ukufumana ngemali indleko kunye nexabiso elongezelelweyo lexabiso. Ekupheleni kwesiphumo, iimali ezitshaliweyo zatshintshwa ukusuka kwifom yexabiso (T) kwifomu yemali (D).

Kwinqanaba lesithathu, ukunyuka kwenkunzi kukuthengiswa kwempahla yokuvelisa kumthengi. Ukubuyela kwi-treasury kunye nexabiso lentlawulo ngokwemali yemali (D) ithetha ukuba ukunyakaza kweseyhula kuye kwaphela kwaye sele ifike kwifom yangaphambili kwindawo yayo yangaphambili. Kuphela ngoku ummeli-shishini sele sele ekhulu kunani le mali kunaphambili. Emva koko uqala isiphaluka kunye nokubuyiswa kwemali-mboleko ukusuka kwelinye ifomu ukuya kwelinye, iphinda liqhube ngeendlela ezintathu zokuhambisa. Esi sizathu sokuqhubela phambili kwenkqubo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka

Ngoko, kwinto ekhankanywe ngentla, sibona ukuba ukusasazwa kwemali enkulu kufezekiswa kwinqanaba elingaphambili elisebenzayo. Xa isibini, evelisayo, ithathwa njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, kuba kukho kuyo ukudalulwa kwexabiso lentengo. Umendo wendlela yokulandelelana kwinqanaba ngalinye utshintsha iifom zentengo ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye. Enyanisweni, ukunyuka kwenkunzi ayiyi kuphelelwa ngumjikelezo omnye, njengoko umninimzi-mhlaba uza kuphinda ahlawule imali, enomgomo oqondakalayo-ukuzinikela kunye nezoshishino zakhe kunye nexabiso elongezelelekileyo elikhulayo. Kwaye ukuqhutyelwa kwenkqubo yokuvelisa kuya kufumaneka ukuba inkunzi ayiyi kuhamba kuphela kwindlela eya kwenye, kodwa iya kuhlala ivela kwiintlobo zonke.

Injongo yoLuntu lweNtsebenzo

Iindlela ezisebenzayo kwinkqubo yomsebenzi kwaye ngexesha elifanayo bathathe inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekudalweni kwemveliso emitsha, kunye ngexesha lokuthengisa iimveliso, vumela ingcamango yokuba yiyiphi imali esebenzayo. Injongo yaso ephambili kukuba kuqinisekiswe isigqi nokuqhubeka komsebenzi wokujikeleza kwemali. Iindlela zokufumana iimveliso (Cn) zinegama elinye - "i-capital capital". Iingcamango zalo njengeCn, ngokwazo, zahlula kwizinto zabasebenzi ezithatha inxaxheba ekudalweni kwemveliso yeenkonzo kunye neenkonzo (Pc), nazo zinomlinganiselo osebenzayo ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuvelisa.

Ukwahlula kwinqununu

Ubunqabileyo bentengo yokusebenza kukuba ayichithwanga, ayidli, kodwa iqhubekele kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendleko zangoku zentsebenzo. Injongo yale nkqubela kukudalwa kwempahla, ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezingapheliyo zokuvelisa ukwenzela ukwandisa inani leemveliso ezigqityiweyo kunye nokucwangcisa iimeko ezingcono zokuphunyezwa kwayo ngempumelelo.

Ukutshala imali ekudalweni kwemveliso

Ukuqhubela phambili kuthetha ukuba imali eyabelwe ukuqaliswa kwisigidi-mali iyabuyiselwa kwimveliso emva kokugqitywa komjikelo, oquka:

1. Ukuveliswa kwemveliso.
2. Ukuthengiswa kwayo kumthengi.
3. Ukufumana inzuzo evela kwiivenkile.

Ukubeka nje, ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka kwimali evela ekuzalisekiseni iimpahla ezivelisiweyo eziza kuqala, kwaye ngokukodwa, ukubuyela kwixabiso langaphambili (D). Ngaloo ndlela, kuyacaca ukuba yintoni i-capital work. Ubume bunokuba ludibaniso lwemali olusungulwe kwintlangano, ukusekwa kwenkqubo yokuvelisa ngokusetyenziswa kwemali yokuhambisa kunye nokutyalomali-mali.

Imveliso eyinkunzi

Iindlela zabasebenzi zenza umxholo wepropati yezinto eziphambili zemveliso, njengengxenye ephezulu yezemali, ii-workshops, izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nezinye izixhobo ezixubileyo ezivelisekayo malunga nokuphuhliswa komgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo ukwenzela ukwandisa inzuzo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulwahlulo lwentengo-mali yenkampani, iinqununu, ezibolekileyo, okanye ezithengiselanayo, kunye nesigxina okanye okungafaniyo, kuqhubeka kwinkqubo yokuqhubela phambili, ngokucinga nje ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yokuba kusemgangathweni othile, apho ujikelezo lwangaphakathi lwemali luhamba Kuthetha.

Indlela yokuvelisa

Iindlela zokuvelisa zibandakanya izinto zabasebenzi, kubandakanywa izinto, izinto zokuvelisa, izixhobo, iimveliso ezigqityiweyo kunye nezinto ezinjalo. Bonke bathatha inxaxheba kumjikelezo wezobugcisa-mveliso owenza ukusasazwa kwemali, kwaye ichithwa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lexesha lesinye isangqa. Imali esetyenziselwe ukukhawuleza ijikeleze, ikhusele iindleko zokusebenza ngokuvelisa abasebenzi, ukudala kwimijikelezo efanayo yomveliso.

Isantya sokulinganisa

Enye yeyona ndlela yokubaluleka yokubaluleka ekubonakaliseni ukusabalalisa kunye nokubuyiswa kwengxowa-mali kukuzimisela kwejubane lokuhamba kwayo. Umlinganiselo wokuqala wejubane ubukhulu bexesha elide apho yonke imali eqhubekele kuyo ibuyela kwi-capitalist ngendlela yemali engenayo, eyongeziweyo ngenani lentlawulo. Ubungakanani bexesha li-1 ukujika.

Umlinganiselo wesibini wezinga lokungeniswa kwemali yinani lezicelo zotyalo-mali oluphambili kunyaka o-1. Lo mlinganiselo uvela kwiyokuqala, kubalwa ngokuhlula iinyanga ezili-12 zonyaka ngethuba lokujika kwe-1.

Amacandelo athatyathwe ngokwahlukileyo abamele ukunyuka kwenkunzi kummandla wezentengiselwano bahlukaniswe yizinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo zokuvelisa kwaye ziya kutshintshwa kwiirhafu ezahlukeneyo.

Kwaye malunga neendlela zokusebenza, ezibandakanya izakhiwo, izakhiwo, oomatshini, oomatshini kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusebenza, ixesha lokusebenza kwazo ukusuka kwiminyaka emininzi ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi. Ziyinxalenye yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobuchwepheshe bezoshishino kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokubanzi kwimveliso kunye neeteknoloji.

Imiqathango ejoliswe kuyo

Imali yokusebenza iyadingeka ukuba igcinwe kwisantya esinikeza ukulungiswa kokuphathwa kwemisebenzi yemveliso. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukubunjwa kwesimo sengqondo esilandelayo iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Umzekelo, iimpawu zezemali nezoqoqosho zeemveliso ziyi-liquidity, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukuguqula impahla ibe yimali ukwenzela ukuhlawula iimbopheleleko zokuhlawula. Isilinganiso saso esiphakamileyo sokwenza nayiphi na ishishini yimbonakalo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuzinza komsebenzi. Ukulahleka kwempahla kungabangeli kuphela kwiindleko ezongezelelweyo, kodwa nakwixesha lokuvalwa kwexesha lokuvelisa.

Inqanaba eliphantsi lokubuyiswa kwemali ayiyi kukwazi ukuxhasa ngokufanelekileyo imisebenzi yokuvelisa. Ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukulahlekelwa ngumbane, ukungaphumeleli emsebenzini kwaye, ngenxa yoko, inzuzo ephantsi. Kulo shishini ngalinye kukho inqanaba eliphezulu apho inzuzo enkulu inokwenzeka khona.

Isiphelo

Zonke izigaba apho ukudlula imali, okwenza isiphaluka salo, zihambelane kakhulu kwaye zixhomekeke kumnye nomnye. Kwaye ke, isigaba sesibini sineyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwimetamorphosis kulolu chungechunge. Kungenxa yokuba kule nqanaba ukuba icandelo lokudala lenkqubo yonke lenziwe, xa iimveliso ziveliswa kwaye ixabiso elitsha lenziwe. Kwaye ngoko ukuguqulwa kwempomali evela kwimveliso kwifom yezinto zokuthengisa kukuguqulwa okwenene, ngokuchaseneyo nokusebenza kwayo kwemigangatho kwisigaba 1 no-3, apho kukho utshintsho kuphela lweefomu omnye komnye, kodwa akukho nanyuka kwinkunzi. Kulolu lwakhiwo lwenkqubo yeesetyhula yendlela yokuba umsebenzi wowowuphi na umkhiqizo wakhiwe.