Ummantshi we-intanethi wase-American Aaron Schwartz: i-biography, impumelelo kunye namaqiniso anomdla. Ubomi nokufa kukaAron Schwartz

Abantu beGenius ngamaxesha amaninzi abazange baqondwe ngabantu abahlala ngexesha kwaye baphulaphulwa ngokusemthethweni ngamandla amakhulu. Imbali ikhumbula imimandla enjalo, enye yayo yi-American activist u-Aaron Schwartz. Wayekulwela ukufikeleleka kokufikelela kwiinkcukacha, wayefuna ukutshintsha ihlabathi ukuba ibe bhetele kwiqondo lenzululwazi. Nangona kunjalo, isithuba samnika ixesha elincinci kunye nemithintelo emininzi endleleni ...

Biography

Ibali lika-Aaron Schwartz liqala ngoNovemba 8, 1986 e-Chicago. Waza waza wakhuliswa kwintsapho yomsunguli wekampani yecomputer - uRobert Schwartz. Ngaphandle kwakhe, usapho lwaba nabantwana ababini: abazalwana bakhe uBen noNowa. Kodwa uAron kuphela ukususela kwiminyaka emininzi wayenomdla omkhulu kwizinto ezintsha. Sekuyiminyaka emithathu wafunda ukufunda, ikhompyutheni encinane kunye neprogram. Ngokweememori zeentsapho zakhe, ukwenzela ukuba afundise nayiphi na isifundo, kwakwanele ukuba le nkwenkwe ifunde iincwadi ezininzi, kwaye sele sele ilungele ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo iziseko zengqondo kwabanye. Akunakutsholwa ukuba umfana omncinane wayezikhukhumezile, kodwa amandla akhe engqondo ayamangalisa kwaye ayanzela ukuba ootitshala bakhe babe neentloni.

Imfundo:

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngo-7 ubudala, u-Aaron Schwartz wayesebenolwazi oluninzi (ikakhulukazi, kwi-computer yesayensi), ngoko kwakunzima kuye ukuba abe phakathi kweontanga kwisikolo esiphakamileyo semfundo. Kwiminyaka emininzi waya esikolweni sabucala e-Illinois, kwidolophana yaseWinnetka. Nangona kunjalo, wayengenelisekanga kwinkqubo yemfundo. Wayekholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wesikolo awunanto kwaye kuthatha ixesha, ukuphazamisa into ebalulekileyo kuye. Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-14, u-Schwarz Aaron waphumelela ngokugqibeleleyo esikolweni waza wazibhalela kwihlabathi le-intanethi kunye ne-cyberculture.

Wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseStford, kodwa emva koko washiya. Kwiinyanga eziliqela zokuhlala kwakhe, wazisa utshintsho oluninzi kwiimodareyshni zenkqubo ye-elektroniki: ukusuka kwikhathalogu yeelayibrari ukuya kufumaneka ukufikelela kwabafundi kwisakhiwo.

Esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani uAron eshiya iyunivesiti "yayingalinganiyo". Wayengumveleli obalaseleyo kunye neengcali zokuzifundela, kwaye ngoko ke kwakucinga ukuba kungafanelekanga ukukhawulelana nolwazi lwesayensi olukhoyo kwihlabathi. Oku kuchanekileyo oku kukukhuthaza abantu abatsha ukuba bangene kwiiyunivesithi, ukwenzela ukuba banelungelo lokubhenela kwii-archives ezikhethekileyo ze-elektroniki. UAron Schwartz wabona oku njengesisiseko sezoqoqosho, ngoko wazama ukutshintsha inkqubo.

Imisebenzi Yomsebenzi

Ukushiya iStford, umprogram oneminyaka eyi-16 ususa indlu kwaye uqale ukuphuhlisa iprojekthi yakhe-i-portal yolwazi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Infogami. Inkxaso yanikezelwa yiprogram yase-Summer Founders, eyanikezwa yinkampani Y Combinator.

Kamva, kunye nenkxaso yezemali yenkxaso-mali efanayo, u-Aaron Schwartz wadala iqonga le-Infogami, eyaba sisiseko sewebhu kunye neThala leThala. Le projekthi yayinomdla, ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwayo uSchwartz wayedinga umncedisi, iqabane. Ngoko ke, ngo-2005, kugqitywe isigqibo sokudibanisa i-Infogami kunye ne-news website ye-Reddit. Ngaloo xesha, i-intanethi ye-intanethi yayineminyaka eyi-19 ubudala. Wamukelwa ngokusemthethweni kwiqela labasebenzi beeprogram zobungcali. Kodwa uSwartz wayengathandi umsebenzi weofisi. Wabhala ngale nto kwiblogi yakhe. "Iindonga ezimangca, iitafile ezimpunga kunye nesandi somvila" ngokusemthethweni zamgxotha. Emva koko wagqiba isigqibo ngesibindi.

Umsekeli-siseko waseReddit Aaron Schwartz akazange asebenze aze athumele oogxa bakhe isithunzi kwiTekhthi kunye nombhalo othi "Ukhutshiwe" (Ukhutshwe). Emva koko, wathengisa isabelo sakhe kwinkampani kwindlu yokupapasha i-Condé Nast, kwaye inzuzo yatyalwa ekuphuhlisweni kolunye usebenze-i-Watchdog. Le projekthi entsha yaba yindawo yokugcina yedatha kwimigaqo-nkqubo yaseMerika, eyaqokelelwa kwimithombo ekhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje le ndawo ayisebenzi.

Ukusebenza

Ngo-2010, uAron Schwartz wasungula iqela lamalungelo oluntu. Injongo yaso ephambili yayikulwa nokulwa ne-intanethi, kunye nokuphulwa kweenkululeko ze-intanethi. Eli qela libizela ngokucacileyo abantu kwiWebhu ukuba bathintele iCongress kunye neenkokheli zezopolitiko, izikhalazo eziqokelelwayo, zifuna ukunyusa amandla kunye nokusazisa ulwazi malunga nokuguqulwa koorhulumente. Ukususela ngeli xesha, i-activism yezopolitiko yomprofeti iqala.

Uloyiso phezu kweSOPA

Imisebenzi ephezulu yeSwitchz yayiyiphulo lokulwa neSOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act). KwiNgqungquthela, kwavela umbuzo malunga nokwamkelwa kwebhilidi entsha kwi-cyber-piracy. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amalungiselelo ayo anciphisa kakhulu inkululeko yokusebenzisa inthanethi. Uluntu lwasabela ngokukhawuleza kule ndaba. Kwaye yonke inombulelo kwimigudu kaSchwartz kunye nabahlobo bakhe kwiqela. Kwizitrato kwakukho amawaka abantu abafuna ukushiya ibhilikhwe entsha. Iintlanganiso zama-congressmen abavota "ngenxa" zazisasazwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zenza indima engafanelekanga kumsebenzi wezopolitiko. Umcimbi uphele ekunqobeni uSwitwartz.

Umthetho

Umsebenzi osebenzayo awuzange umkholise urhulumente wase-United States, ngoko ke i-FBI ifake umprogram woqwalaselo. Kwaye ngo-2011 bakwazi ukuwufumana ekukhutsheni iifayile ngokuthungelwano kwilayibrari yaseMassachusetts yaseNyuvesi esuka kwinkonzo evuliwe ye-JSTOR. Enyanisweni, isenzo sakhe sasingasicala. Ukufikelela kumanqaku, umsebenzisi kufuneka akhokhe ukuthenga. UAron Schwartz waya kulwabalalisa imithetho kwaye wayigubha umncedisi. Oko wayeya kukwenza ngeempapasho akaziwa. Uninzi kunokwenzeka, ubabeke ekuvulelekeni okuvulelekileyo. Kodwa ekubeni ityala lenkundla yaqaliswa kuye, zonke izinto kufuneka zibuyiselwe kumthombo wokuqala. Kwaye nangona i-JSTOR yayingekho isimangalo kumqulunqi, wayesetyala kwaye wabanjwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza wakhululwa ngebheyili yama-dollar ayi-100.

Kodwa le ganeko alizange limise uSchwartz, kwaye kungekudala waqalisa ukusebenza kwinkonzo entsha yokufa. Kwakungumjelo wolwazi okhuselekile kwiintatheli ezifuna ukuchasana namanyathelo omthetho, kodwa ngelo xesha.

NgoSeptemba 2012, u-Aaron Schwartz wafumanisa ukuba isigwebo ngokumelene naye asivaliwe. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izinto ezininzi ziye zongezwa kwiziphulaphu ezidlulileyo (ngokukodwa, ukukhwabanisa nokusetyenziswa kweposi kunye nefowuni kunye nomonakalo kwikhompyutheni ekhuselekile). Ngoku wayejongene neminyaka engama-35 entolongweni kunye ne-dollar-dollar fine.

Ukufa

Phakathi koJanuwari 2013, ityala le-Schwartz lifanelekile. Abazali bakhe, abahlobo kunye negqwetha lakhe beqinisekile ukuba baya kuphumelela kwaye abayi kuhlwaywa, kuba imeko ngokwayo yabangela isikhalazo esidlangalaleni. Kwaye abantu abaninzi abaneempembelelo bema ukukhusela umqhubi we-Intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, yona kanye ingcamango yendlela enokuthi inkululeko inqatshelwe yiSwitwzz.

NgoJanuwari 11, 2013, wafunyanwa efile kwihostela yakhe eBrooklyn. Ukuzibulala kwengqondo ye-computer (uAron Schwartz wayezibophelele ngebhanti ukusuka kwi-jeans) yatshitshiswa kwihlabathi lonke. Kwaye nangona ebhokisini yakhe yebhlogi wayedla ngokuchukumisa kwesi sihloko, umnqweno wokutshintsha ihlabathi kunye nokoma inkululeko yolwazi kubonakala kuphezulu kwaye kunamandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngulo ndlela u-Aaron Schwartz anqumla ngayo amanqaku ngobomi bakhe. Isizathu sokufa satshitshisa wonke umntu owaziyo ingqondo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukutsholwa kwamagunya ase-US ngesenzo sakhe esibuhlungu. Inkxalabo yabo, ngokucacileyo, yayomelele.

Ingcamango yabantu

Ngonyaka emva kwentlekele, ifilimu ebonwayo yaveliswa ngokuba yi-Intanethi. Ibali lika-Aaron Schwartz. " Kuyo abaqhelanisiweyo nabasondeleyo ababethetha ngokuvulekileyo nge-intanethi ye-intanethi kunye nezizathu zokutshatyalaliswa kwazo ezenziwa kwifilimu. Ngokwezinye izimvo, u-Schwarz Aaron wayexhotyiswe kwinkqubo yezopolitiko yase-US, eyayisebenzisa njengesihlandlo sokuqinisekisa igunya layo. Enyanisweni, akazange enze into engekho mthethweni. Emva kokukhuphela amaxwebhu avela kwi-JSTOR, umprofeti akazange enze naluphi na umonakalo kunoma ubani kwaye akafumani nayiphi na inzuzo. Kodwa urhulumente wase-US, le meko, ngokubonakalayo wadlala ezandleni, ukuze adibanise ukulawula kwayo kwi-intanethi.

Njengoko kwavela emva kokufa kukaSchwartz, ubuninzi abakufumanayo izenzo zakhe ziinyanga ezintandathu kwikholoni yesigwebo. Kodwa uxinzelelo lwengqondo, ukunyanzelwa kwe-FBI kunye nokuthintela inkululeko yomprogram omncinci kwakubaluleke kakhulu.

Ubuqhetseba bokulawulwa kweMassachusetts Institute (MIT) bubuhlungu, obungazange bubandakanyeke kwimeko yeSchwartz. Mhlawumbi, kwaxinzezelwa ngabasemagunyeni.

Ifilimu "Umntwana we-intanethi. Ibali lika-Aaron Schwartz (elinye igama) laboniswa emthendelekweni eCanada nase-US (e-Austin, eTexas) kwaye yafumana uvavanyo oluhle lwabaphulaphuli.

Impumelelo

Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-13, u-Aaron wanqoba ukhuphiswano lwabafundi abancinci be-ArsDigita Umvuzo wokudala amaphepha ewebhu angabanamashishini. Njengomvuzo, wafumana ilungelo lokuya kwi-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), apho wadibana namanani aphezulu e-Inthanethi, ngokukodwa, uTim Berners-Lee (umsunguli weWebhu yeWebhu yehlabathi) kunye noLawrence Lessing (uprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard). Emva koko, wabambisana nabo, bathatha inxaxheba ekuphuhlisweni kweeprogram kunye neengcamango zengcamango.

Ubomi bomntu

Akukho nto eyaziwayo ngobomi bomntu siqu kaSchwartz. Ngokomxholo osemthethweni, ukuzonwabisa kwakhe kokuqala kwakuyi-journalists uQuinn Norton (umagazini waseWrided). Badibana naye xa esesitshatile. Ukuqhagamshelana ngokomoya kwasekwa phakathi kwabo ngokukhawuleza. Umtshato wakhe wawungaphumelelanga, kungekudala emva kokuhlangana noAron, uQuinn wathuthela kuye intombi yakhe. Isizathu sokuba ukwahlukana kungaziwa, kodwa umprogram omncinci kunye nomloli-ntatheli baye bahlala bebuhlobo obufudumele.

Ulwalamano lwesibini oluqinileyo luka-Aaron Schwartz lwalukunye noTaren Steinbrikner-Kaufman, umlawuli oyintloko we-Intanethi ye-Intanethi. Badibana neenyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kweentlekele.

Inyaniso

• Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-13 ubudala, u-Aaron Schwartz wayelungu leqela elisebenzayo ukudala ukondla kweendaba ze-RSS. Xa oogxa bakhe befumene ubudala bakhe, baqhiphuke kwaye baququzelela ngokukhawuleza intlanganiso kunye nomntu oselula.
• Ubudlelwane nentombazana uTaran Schwartz bathatha ngokugqithiseleyo, ngoko ke inyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuvalelwa kunye nenhlekelele, wanconywa kuye. Wayephupha ngomtshato othobekileyo kwaye wuleza, ukwenzela ukuphepha ukuvakalelwa okungadingekile kunye nengxolo. Nangona kunjalo, intombazana enqabe, ibhekiselele kwinkundla ezayo.
• UAron wayengumntu othobekileyo kwaye ofihlakeleyo. Emva kokusebenza naye uWickler wammemela kwisidlo seentsapho. Kodwa uSwartz akazange akhathaze abanikazi, akazange athi unesifo sezilonda zezilonda zesilonda, ngoko ke unamathela kwimenyu ekhethekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, i-intanethi ye-intanethi yayingadla isonka kuphela.
• I-intanethi ye-intanethi i-Aaron Schwartz - umdlali owaziwa kwi-series "TV Gossip" ne "Ancient".
• Kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokufa kukaSchwartz, abadlali be-Intanethi "I-Anonymus" yaqhekeka kwinkonzo yokuvalwa kweKhomishoni yase-United States yokuPhathwa kweziLohlwayo, yaqulunqa ukulawula kwayo, kwaye kwiphepha eliphambili isigidimi sathunyelwa ukuba abaphathi base-US "bawela umgca" kunye nosongelo lokupapasha ulwazi . Kwakuyinto yokuphindisela kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi kunye ne-activist.
• Emva kwesiganeko esibuhlungu kwiNdlu yabameli, iindibano ezincinci zicebisa ukulungiswa komthetho woshushiso.

PS

Namhlanje, ubomi kunye nokufa kukaAron Schwartz ngumzekelo ocacileyo wokhuphisana nenkululeko kwi-intanethi yokulawula kunye nokuxhomekeka kukaRhulumente. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, uye walandela indlela yakhe yokuphuhliswa, wayibuza imithetho yentlalo kunye nemithetho yezopolitiko, ngoko ke yavelisa imibono eyahlukileyo kwaye yazama ukuyihambisa. Kodwa uSwartt akazange aqondwe ngokukhawuleza ngabahlali, kwaye amandla okhetho lwezopolitiko ayisebenzisa njengomzekelo wokulwa nokulwa nabaqhinga nokukhwabanisa. Nangona ibali lakhe kunye ne-JSTOR alizange lidale nayiphi na into eyingozi. UAron Schwartz wayefuna ukutshintsha ihlabathi, kwaye waphumelela ngokuphumelelayo. I-activism yakhe yabangela ukutshintshwa okubonakalayo kuluntu.