Yedwa: imizekelo kweli hlabathi Russia

kukho amagama amaninzi awahlukeneyo kwi theory kwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, eyona kude-nokufikelelwa kwezi ingqikelelo bodwa. Indlela avakala ngayo ukusetyenziswa eyiyo kule kota yintoni na intsingiselo yalo lwesemantiki indlela kwimeko ethile ixhomekeke ngqo kwi imeko. Oku kungenxa ukutyhilwa eyahlukileyo kolu luvo.

Kakuhle eli gama

Igama elithi "bodwa" kusho Greek "mono" - nye, ibe "nepoliyo" - ukuthengisa. Eli gama libhekisela kwimeko kurhwebo apho isebenza ngokuqinileyo enye kuphela. Ngelo xesha kwabakho ngokupheleleyo akukho ukhuphiswano okanye ngaphezulu akukho namnye wavelisa impahla okanye iinkonzo ezifanayo.

I bodwa lokuqala embalini yoluntu ziye wadala Bulelani izohlwayo karhulumente. URhulumente ipasisa umthetho enika ilungelo wawuyinyhweba nayiphi na inkampani lokuthengisa impahla. Noko ke, igama elithi "yedwa" has a lot of iinkcazelo. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, oku kwimarike ethile apho urhulumente okanye umbutho unikwa ilungelo elikhethekileyo lokuba aqhubeke nemisebenzi yayo ishishini. Ngelo xesha bodwa efanayo, xa kungekho ukhuphiswano, abalumkise ixabiso leempahla okanye impembelelo ebalulekileyo kakhulu kule nkqubo entengo. Loo nkcazelo luphawu esemgangathweni emarikeni.

iimpawu ezingundoqo ububange

Iingcali ukuchonga le meko zilandelayo, abonisa phambi kokuba ifama kuphela inkampani;

• phambi elinye okanye umthengisi enkulu kunene;
• Ukufumaneka kweemveliso, apho kungekho nucleoside kukhuphiswano;
• ubukho kweekhrayitheriya eliphezulu-zokuthethelela ukungena iinkampani ezintsha kwicandelo elifanayo emarikeni.

Kukho nezinye zonyango ziyasetyenziswa elithi "bodwa". Umzekelo, oku ingqiqo linokuthetha inkampani eqhiwukileyo, ebe lubonakala ngokuba ephambili kulawulo lwe icandelo ethile kwimarike.

ongakhetha ukutolika

Igama elithi "bodwa" laziwa njenge:

• urhulumente okanye emarikeni, okanye enye amacandelo zayo, apho kukho umdlali mnye kuphela;
• kuphela inkampani utywala yaye uthengisa iimveliso zadalwa ngaye;
• Market nabaphulaphuli kuyo kuphela lweshishini-inkokeli.

Ukohluka inkampani kuxhomekeke criteria ezininzi. Noko ke, eyona engundoqo wolu umgangatho wokhuphiswano. Yena kufuneka ibe phantsi ngokwaneleyo, okanye angekhoyo ngokupheleleyo.

ngezigaba

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo bodwa. Noko ke, ukuhlelwa kwazo lunemiqathango kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezinye iintlobo abadibeneyo nga ngaxeshanye ngamalungu eziliqela kweentlobo zabo. Ngoko ke, ukukhululwa:

• abadla bodwa zendalo, apho ikhampani isikhundla ilungelo emarikeni;
• abadla bodwa ecocekileyo, xa kukho omnye umthengisi kuphela ezithile iintlobo zeenkonzo okanye impahla;
• yeMetro - ezimbalwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo, kodwa macala ehlanganisiweyo ngokwemali (umzekelo, eRashiya ayanceda Cjsc "Gazmetall");
• abadla bodwa evaliweyo, nto leyo iba ukhuselo ukusuka ukhuphiswano ngohlobo ngokomthetho, amalungelo abenzi kwaye okushicilela;
• abadla bodwa evulekileyo, nto leyo ungachazwa ukuba imarike kukho mnye kuphela umniki imveliso, ayinazo ukhuseleko ekhethekileyo evela ukhuphiswano.

Ukongeza kwezi, kukho ezinye iintlobo bodwa. Cinga ezinye iintlobo kule meko.

bodwa yemvelo

Ngokufuthi, imarike kukho imeko apho imfuno imveliso ethile uyaneliswa inkampani enye okanye ngaphezulu. Kule meko kukho bodwa yendalo. kubangelwa kulala iimpawu yoncedo lwabathengi kunye nenkqubo.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko iplanethi yethu, kukho nabanye zendalo. Imizekelo yalo - iinkonzo zefowuni, amandla, ezothutho, njl

bodwa Natural nabo basebenza endle:

• yokuthutha ioli, igesi kunye neoli imibhobho ixabiso buti;
• Iinkonzo ukubonelela abantu unxibelelwano yeposi kwaye zombane zoluntu.

Ngokomzekelo, umbane. Apha kakhulu kukho bodwa yendalo. Imizekelo e Russia - ngu 700 TPP ezikhoyo, TPP kunye HPP, ezibe zadityaniswa yinkampani imfuyo joint Rao "YO of Russia". Le nkampani wasekwa ngo-1992, xa okwakhiwa abakulo ngaphantsi sendawo izityalo kunayo oluphambili energos zommandla 'amahlanu zathathwa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Rao "YO of Russia" ophethe uthungelwano umgca amandla lonke kweli lizwe.

Ishishini gas kwakhona angawaconganga lodwa yendalo. Imizekelo e Russia - imibutho ezisibhozo negesi, kwakunye neenkampani ezilishumi zezithuthi zengingqi ukuthutha kuwo, simanyene Rao "Gazprom". Isabelo akhawunti yenkampani ukuba ikota yonke inzuzo karhulumente.

OAO "Gazprom" uphumeza 56% of zohanjiso kwi-East ne-21% - eNtshona Yurophu. Uye asethi phesheya, ezo izabelo kwiinkampani zokuphucula ukuhanjiswa lwerhasi kunye neenkqubo zothutho negesi.

A bodwa yemvelo eRashiya kwishishini kaloliwe. Isabelo kwamaziko zokuhamba OAO Russian Railways, kwakunye ingeniso yi-80% yabo bonke kwezithuthi kweli lizwe. ubunzima obukhulu, kunye umkhweli kwezithuthi. Le 41%.

Kukho nezinye bodwa zendalo eRashiya. Imizekelo yalo - of "Rosneft", OJSC "Rostelecom", njl

Imizekelo lodwa yehlabathi look zendalo yahlukile kwi-Russian. Umthetho lwamazwe basentshona kusetyenziswa amagama afana:

• kwinkonzo karhulumente;
• inkonzo eziyimfuneko kubo bonke;
• isevisi yenethiwekhi, njl

Umzekelo, kwi-UK kukho ukuqiniswa esemthethweni elithi "bodwa zendalo". Imizekelo beenkampani ukuba "eziyimfuneko ukuze bonke" kwezakhiwo zoololiwe, ukudluliselwa kunye nokusasazwa umbane, amanzi nogutyulo. E France, igama elithi "bodwa wemvelo 'esisigxina elithi" mveliso kunye nenkonzo yorhwebo karhulumente. " Ezi imibutho esebenza entsimini woqhakamshelwano, zokuthutha kunye ubonelelo ngombane.

bodwa Natural eJamani imeko apho inkampani namnye unako ukuhlangabezana nemfuno kwiimarike ngokubonelela imveliso okanye inkonzo kunye elisezantsi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kuqinisekiswe kwinqanaba oqhelekileyo xa iindleko inzuzo. Oku kusebenza yombhobho kunye kaloliwe zothutho.

bodwa lokwenziwa

Lo mqondo capacious kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, esinakho yendalo, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, yenye yeendidi abadla bodwa kwezoqoqosho (eyenziweyo). Kule meko sithetha malunga neenkampani abakwaziyo ukufumana isikhundla phambili emarikeni.

Indlela kukho bodwa ngumntu? Imizekelo ukubonakala lubalaseleyo kwamashishini ibonisa amathuba iindlela ezimbini ukuphumeza le njongo. Eyokuqala kwezi ubuxoki kuphuhliso ngempumelelo zemveliso, kwakunye yoxinaniso lwenkunzi, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuba andise isikali imisebenzi. Indlela yesibini ngokukhawuleza. Isisekelo sayo ke lonke lwenkunzi, oko kukuthi, umbutho ngokuzithandela okanye kombuso kweenkampani yimali. Ubunzima lamashishini amancinci kunye naphakathi uba iduma ngakumbi. Kukho bodwa ngumntu. Iquka ingxenye ethile kwimarike yorhwebo kwaye akukho okhuphisana.

Okwangoku, ngokubanzi bodwa ngumntu. Imizekelo Unxulumano ezinjalo - le nkxalabo, trusts, wabazingeli kunye neenkqubo zorhwebo. Wonke Umrhwebi izama ukoyisa indawo bodwa. Akubikho inani lweengozi kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene sikhuphisana, kwakunye ukuthatha emarikeni wamnika ilungelo. Kulo mzekelo, i monopolist uyakwazi ukuphembelela ezinye nxaxheba zeemarike zemifanekiso iimeko zabo.

Ukwenza bodwa ngumntu lunokwenzeka nangezinye iindlela. Uchaze izenzo zakho zomthetho ikwazi ukunika imveliso okanye iinkonzo ilungelo elinye kuphela. Ngenxa yoko kukho kwakhona bodwa ngumntu. Imizekelo yalo zifumaneka kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini. Lo mbutho, zisekelwe kukhetho zoluntu. Umzekelo eRashiya - inkampani "Mosgortrans". Inika ikomkhulu endleleni. Kulo mzekelo, amandla akaphazanyiswa ukusebenza yemarike kwezinye zenethiwekhi, oosomashishini okhuphisana yayo.

bodwa karhulumente

indalo yayo lwenziwa ngoncedo imiqobo zomthetho. Kumaxwebhu esemthethweni ukuchaza imida zesifundo yorhwebo iimonopoli kunye phezu iintlobo zolawulo. Kulo mzekelo, inkampani enye inika ilungelo elikhethekileyo ukwenza oku okanye hlobo msebenzi. Le imibutho yoluntu. Baya aphantsi iibhodi central, ulungiselelo, njl Amaqela bodwa kwamashishini karhulumente kwicandelo elinye. Oku kukhokelela yokungabikho ukhuphiswano emarikeni.

Kukho bodwa zikarhulumente- eRashiya. Imizekelo yemisebenzi kulawulwa ngumthetho siboniswa apha ngezantsi. Zibandakanya:

• umsebenzi enxulumene yokurhweba psychotropic kunye neziyobisi ezidakumbisayo;
• Sebenza entsimini yommiselo wamajoni zobugcisa ;
• nokukhutshwa kwemali, nokucwangciswa ekujikelezeni kwazo kummandla Russia;
• nokuba neliso elitsolo ekujongeni nokumakishwa ezenziwe ngamatye anqabileyo;
• imveliso nengeniso ye ethyl utywala;
• angaphandle kunye import kwempahla ezithile.

Apho ngokukodwa awasiwisayo lodwa karhulumente? Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla yolawulo kunokubonwa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Nguwo lowo Bank of Russia. Yena abe yedwa phezu umbutho, ukujikeleziswa kunye umba lwemali. Loo lungelo kuye ngezenzo zomthetho.

Kwicandelo lezempilo kukho kwakhona esinakho karhulumente. Imizekelo zinxulumene ekuvelisweni amayeza. Ngoko ke, ukuba unawo amalungelo yedwa ka FSUE "Moscow Ezingokuqandusela Plant". Ikhupha amachiza asetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo yempilo. It zengqondo kunye izifo nococeko, hormone kunye zamehlo.

Ishishini umda esinakho karhulumente. ERashiya, imizekelo zinxulumene izinto ezahlukeneyo kule nkalo, ezikhanya kubo - yeyona cosmodrome "Baikonur".

bodwa ingundoqo

Ngamanye amaxesha kwimarike isimo apho kwicandelo yabathengi, inkampani entsha ezifundisa imveliso eyenziwe ntsha engenamandla analogue. Le esinakho enyulu. Imizekelo iimeko ezinje ngoku ezinqabileyo. Namhlanje yinto amila. Amaninzi bakhuphisane mveliso eziliqela. Okwangoku, njengoko umthetho, kuphela kunye nenkxaso karhulumente inokuba bodwa ecocekileyo. Imizekelo xa oku ingabonelelwa kuphela ezikhoyo ezifundisa iimveliso zabo neemarike zommandla. Elula kubo, xa le nkampani bumisela abathengi ngexabiso. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lempahla okanye iinkonzo babe bodwa ecocekileyo olawulwa ngurhulumente. Ukongeza, ezi namaqumrhu zoshishino ayakhuselwa bangene imihlaba yemisebenzi yabo yezinye abathengisi ngumthetho karhulumente.

Umzekelo ophilayo abadla bodwa ecocekileyo ayanceda yenkampani imisebenzi "Aluminium Inkampani" (USA). Ngowe-1945, le nkampani ilawulwa ngokupheleleyo yi kwemigodi webauxite eMelika. Le kwemithombo yendalo yengundoqo i ekrwada ekufanisweni imveliso aluminiyam.

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi bodwa olunyulu eRashiya - umbane, zokuhlala igesi nkampani wasekuhlaleni. Ukongeza, le nkampani equlethe uthungelwano lwamanzi. Eyenzelwa zezona mizekelo ngempumelelo ezikhoyo yoshishino ehlabathini lonke.

bodwa evulekileyo

Imeko emakethe kuvela xa nayiphi na inkampani isungula imveliso entsha ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ngokungafani abadla bodwa enyulu, urhulumente awukhusele zikhuphisana ezinokwenzeka. Kulo mzekelo, kukho abadla bodwa evulekileyo, leyo kunganxulunyaniswa enye iintlobo abadla bodwa ecocekileyo. Ezinye kwexesha inkampani kumniki yedwa imveliso entsha. Okhuphisana iinkampani ezifana kuvela emarikeni kamva.

Ukuba unike imizekelo abadibeneyo zoluntu, kubalulekile ukukhumbula inkampani Apple, apho waba ngowokuqala ukuba anikele abathengi ubugcisa kwebala.

bodwa mazwe

Ngamanye amaxesha, imarike kukho imeko xa imveliso linikeza umthengisi kuphela, kwaye kukho imfuno evela umthengi enye. Le esinakho mazwe. Kulo meko, umthengi kunye umthengisi sazana. Ngelo xesha linye ukuphumeza ukuthengwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso akugqiba phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo ixabiso. Imizekelo luceliwe abadla bodwa Basebenze kwiimeko ezinjalo xa inkampani ethengisa impahla yalo kurhulumente. Le yokuthenga izixhobo yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa lezoKhuselo, kunye nenkcaso wombutho elinye lezorhwebo nawuphi na umqeshi omnye.

isiphelo

Ukuhlelwa abadibeneyo lunemiqathango. Ezinye iinkampani kunzima kakhulu ukuba kuthiwe uhlobo oluthile kumaqumrhu zoshishino. Uninzi lwabo zezikaYe- iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo bodwa. Imizekelo iquka Amaziko zoshishino ukukhonza uthungelwano ngomnxeba. Oku kuquka iinkampani igesi kunye nombane. Bonke bephela ubonise iimpawu nje zendalo kuphela kodwa esinakho elivaliweyo. Imizekelo usenokuquka ezinye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa.

Noko ke, nendawo iqumrhu loshishino luza kutshintsha kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, iingenelo ezikhoyo abadibeneyo endalo ayikho njengendibaniselwano kwicala labo. Imeko kwimarike baloo maqumrhwana zinokutshintsha kuphuhliso ubugcisa obutsha yi okhuphisana. Yinto oluzinzileyo kunye nendawo okuvala bodwa. Yonke idatha bona uyazuza kunye namalungelo kuphela anokurhoxiswa umthetho osanda zaziswa.