"Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuhlawula": ukuhlaziywa. "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuGwetywa" nguFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky: umxholo omfutshane, abalinganiswa abakhulu

UFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky - omnye wabalimi abalulekayo kuphela beencwadi zesiRashiya, kodwa kunye nehlabathi, jikelele. Iincwadi zombhali omkhulu zisakashintshwa kwaye zishicilelwe kwiilwimi ezintsha. Ubuninzi bukaDostoevsky obunomfesane kunye nothando olungenammiselo kubantu abaqhelekileyo. I talente ekhethekileyo ukubonisa iimpawu ezinzulu zomphefumlo womntu, wonke umntu onokuzifihla ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi lonke, ukhangela abantu kwimisebenzi yombhali omkhulu.

UFyodor Dostoevsky: "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuGwetywa" - unyaka wokubhala nokubhala kwabafundi

Mhlawumbi intsha enokuphikisana nayo yeDostoevsky "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuGwetywa." Kubhaliwe ngo-1866, wenza ingqalelo engabonakaliyo kubaphulaphuli ababahlonelayo. Njengamaxesha onke, imibono iyahlula. Abanye, ngokugqithiseleyo kumaphepha okuqala, babethukuthele: "Isihloko esithatyathwe!" Abo babemkele ukufundwa nantoni na, ukuze bagxininise isimo sabo kwaye baqhayise ngokuqinisekileyo kwimeko yokufunda, bengayiqondi ingcamango yombhali, bathethe ngokunyanisekileyo umbulali onyanisekileyo. Kanti abanye baphosa iveli, bememeza bathi: "Yeyona nto ibuhlungu ngayo le ncwadi!"

Lawa awona mathuba aqhelekileyo. "Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesijeziso," umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi leencwadi, akazange athathe ngokukhawuleza ukuqonda. Nangona kunjalo, yatshintsha kakhulu indlela yokuphila kwentlalo yeshumi elinesithoba. Ngoku kwiindawo zokufumana umhlaba kunye nobusuku obufake imfashini kwakukho isihloko somsebenzi kwintetho. Ukuzalisa ukuthula okungenamahloni kwakuye kuxoxwe ngeRaskolnikov. Abo babenelungelo lokukhawuleza ukuba bafunde umsebenzi ngokukhawuleza benza ixesha elilahlekileyo.

Ukumelwa okungamanga kwencwadana "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusola"

Ukuqonda into eyenziwa nguDostoevsky yencwadana kwakufuneka ifike kumfundi, ke bambalwa. Ininzi yabona kuphela isicwangu seqhwa: umfundi wabulala, umfundi wahlambalaza. Ingqungquthela malunga nobuhlanya nayo yaxhaswa ngabagxeki abaninzi. Kwimeko echazwe, babona nje iingcamango ezingenangqondo malunga nobomi nokufa kwe-protagonist. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo: umntu kufuneka ajonge ngaphakathi emphefumlweni, akwazi ukubamba iingcebiso eziqilileyo kwiimeko zangempela.

Iingxaki eziphakanyiswe ngu-FM Dostoevsky

Ingxaki ebalulekileyo ephakanyiswe ngumlobi, kunzima ukwahlula kuzo zonke ezinye - inxalenye emininzi yaphuma "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokujeziswa". Incwadi iqulethe iingxaki zokuziphatha, okanye kunoko, ukungabikho kwayo; Iingxaki zentlalo ezenza ukungalingani phakathi kwabantu abaqala ukubona okufanayo. Ayikho indima encinci idlalwe ngesihloko sezinto eziphambili eziphambili ngokubalulekileyo: umbhali ubonisa oko kwenzekayo kuluntu oludityaniswe nemali.

Ngokuchasene nombono ogqithisileyo, inqaku le-Dostoevsky lencwadana "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusohlwaya" alubonakalisi isizukulwana esincinane salo xesha. Abagxeki abaninzi baye bathabatha lo mlingiswa ngobutshaba, besenza isigqibo sokuba iRaskolnikov ibonise ukungcikiva kwintandokazi ekupheleni kwexesha leshumi elinesithoba leminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, le ngcamango iphosakele ngokucacileyo: kumfundi ohluphekileyo u-Dostoevsky wabonisa kuphela ixhoba leemeko, indoda eyaphula phantsi kokuhlaselwa kwezinto ezimbi.

Isishwankathelo esifutshane sencwadana "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusola"

Iziganeko ezichazweyo zenzeka kuma-60. Ngekhulu le-19, kwiPetersburg ebunzima. URoonon Raskolnikov, umfana osweleyo, owayengumfundi, unyanzelekile ukuba angene kwi-attic yesakhiwo sezindlu. Ukukhathala kwintlupheko, uya kumfazi omdala-umenzi-penny ukubeka ixabiso lokugqibela. Ukuziqhelanisa nomnxila-uMarmeladov kunye nencwadi yomama, echaza ngayo nentombi yakhe ubomi obunzima, unyuke uRodion ngcamango embi-ngokubulawa komfazi omdala. Ukholelwa ukuba imali eya kukwazi ukuyithatha kwi-interest bearing, ingenza ubomi bube lula, ukuba kungenjalo kuye, ubuncinane kwintsapho yakhe.

Ingcinga yobundlobongela imelene nomfundi, kodwa ugqiba ekubeni enze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda yakhe imfundiso kaRaskolnikov kuya kunceda ukucaphula kwi-Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment: "Ngomnye ubomi - amawaka abantu ubomi basindiswa ekungcoleni nasekuchitheni, ukufa okunye kunye nekhulu liphila ngokubuyisela - kodwa oku yi-arithmetic!" "Akunjalo," umfundi ukholelwa, "kodwa ngaphandle kobuhlanga, abantu abaphuma ngendalo kufuneka babe izigebengu, ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi." Iingcamango ezinjalo zikhuthaza u Rodion ukuzivavanya, esebenzile izicwangciso zakhe. Ubulala umfazi omdala nge-ax, uthatha into ebalulekileyo kwaye ayanyamalala kwindawo yesehlakalo.

Ngenxa yesiswiseko esinamandla, uRaskolnikov unqotshwa yisifo. Yonke ixesha eliseleyo leengxelo, akathembeki kwaye ahlukaniswe nabantu, obangela ukuba usolwe. Ukuqaphela uRoonon kunye noSonechka Marmeladova, uhenyukazi ophoqelelwe ukuba asebenzele inzuzo kwintsapho ehluphekileyo, ekhokelela ekuvumeleni. Kodwa, ngokuchasene nokulindelwe kombulali, u-Sonya okholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo uyamzisola aze amqinisekise ukuba intlungu iya kupheliswa xa ezinikela aze ajeziswe.

Ngenxa yoko, uRaskolnikov, nangona eqinisekile ukuba uyakulungele, uyavuma kwizenzo. Emva kwakhe, u-Sonia ugijimela kwisigwebo sokugweba. Iminyaka yokuqala uRoon uyabanda kuye - naye uphazamisekile, akaxoxwanga, akrokre. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuguquka okunyanisekileyo kuza kuye, kwaye emphefumlweni uqala ukuvakalelwa-ukuthanda intombazana ezinikeleyo.

Abalinganiswa abakhulu beveli

Akunakwenzeka ukwenza uluvo olungenanto malunga nalo okanye lo mlingiswa - wonke umntu apha ngokwenene unokuba ngumfundi okwenene. Kwaye inxalenye encinci yombhalo yenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuba oku nguFyodor Dostoevsky - "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusohlwaya." Abalinganiswa abasemgangathweni abanakwenzeka, abalinganiswa badinga ukuhlalutya ixesha elide kunye nengqiqo-kwaye ezi zibonakaliso zengqondo yangempela.

Rodion Raskolnikov

URaskolnikov ngokwakhe uhlaselwa yizibuyekezo ezidibeneyo. "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuGweba" - indalo ininzi kakhulu, ilula, kwaye kunzima ukuyiqonda loo ndlela njengomlingiswa womlingiswa. Ekuqaleni kwendima yokuqala, ukubonakala kweRoonon kuchazwa: umfana omude, omncinci onobuhlungu obumnyama kunye neliso elimnyama. Iqhawe lihle lihle - elona liphangaleleyo lichasene nobundlobongela nentlupheko, egcwele umhlaba weGermersburg.

Ubume beRoonon bububi kakhulu. Njengoko iziganeko ziqhubeka, umfundi ufunda iinkalo ezininzi nangaphezulu zobomi beqhawe. Kamva kamva, ukubulala kubonisa ukuba uRaskolnikov, ongenamnye, unako uvelwano: xa efumene unxila osele wayeseMarmeladov, echithwe ngumqeqeshi, wanika imali yakhe yokugqibela kwintsapho yakhe. Ukwahluke okunjalo phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nokubulala kubangela ukungathandabuzeki kumfundi: ngaba lo mntu unesabisayo njengoko kwakubonakala kuqala?

Ukuvavanya izenzo zeRoonon ukusuka kumbono wamaKristu, umbhali uthi: URaskolnikov ungumoni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha kwakhe kakubi akuzibulale, kungekhona ukuba uye waphula umthetho. Into eyona nto ekhoyo kwiRoonon yinto yakhe yokufundisa: ukwahlula abantu kulabo "banelungelo" kunye nalabo abakujonga ngokuthi "isidalwa esithuthumelayo." "Wonke umntu ulingana," u-Dostoevsky uthi, "kwaye wonke umntu unelungelo elifanayo lokuphila."

Sonechka Marmeladova

U-Sonia Marmeladova akafanelekanga . Yile ndlela uDostoevsky echaza ngayo: elifutshane, elincinci, elincinci kodwa elihle kakhulu elinesibhozo elineminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo elinamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ulwahlukileyo olupheleleyo lukaRaskolnikov: aluyinto enhle kakhulu, ingabonakaliyo, iyathula kwaye iyathobekile, i-Sonechka, njengoko umbhali wayibiza, naye waphula umthetho. Kodwa kwakungafani noRoonon: wayengesono.

Le ngxaki ichazwa ngokucacileyo: USonia akazange ahlule abantu ukuba bahle kwaye babi; Wayemthanda ngokunyanisekileyo wonke umntu. Ukusebenza kwiphaneli kwanika intsapho yakhe ukuba iphile kwiimeko ezibuhlungu zentlupheko, kwaye intombazana ngokwayo, ukulibala ngokuphila kwayo, inikezele ubomi bayo ekukhonzeni izihlobo zakhe. Umnikelo wahlawulela inyaniso - kwaye uSonechka wahlala engenacala.

Ukuphononongwa okubalulekileyo: "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusola"

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, inzala kaDostoevsky ayingayithandi. Abantu bakude nobugcisa bokuthetha, ngokwenza uluvo lwabo, baxhomekeke ngakumbi kwiingxelo zabagxeka abachaphazelekayo; Abo, nabo babone umsebenzi ngamnye ngento ethile. Ngelishwa, abaninzi, ukuqonda intsingiselo yenveli, bephutha - kwaye iimpazamo zabo zikhokelela kwimibono yobuxoki ngamabomu.

Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo, uA. Suvorin ngumntu onempembelelo onokuthi, ngokuhlalutya koLwaphulo-mthetho noKhuselo, kubonakala kwiphephancwadi eyaziwayo eyaziwayo uRussky Vestnik, wathi: yonke into ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi ihunyushwa ngokuthi "ulwalathiso olubuhlungu lwemisebenzi yonke yokubhala" kaFyodor Dostoevsky. URoonon, ngombono wogxeki, akukho konke ukulandelwa kwesinye isikhokelo okanye igumbi lokugcina leengcamango ezinjengeenkoliso, kwaye kukho umntu ogulayo kuphela. Wada wabiza uRaskolnikov ukuba abe neentloni, ezihlambulukileyo.

Uluhlu olunjalo lufumene abalandeli balo: uP. Strakhov, indoda eyayisondele noDostoevsky, wathi: amandla angundoqo ebhaliweyo akwiindawo ezithile zabantu, kodwa "ekubonakaliseni izikhundla, ekukwazi ukuqonda ngokunyanisekileyo ukunyuka komntu kunye nokuphazamiseka komphefumlo womntu." NjengoSuvorin, uP. Strakhov akazange agcine ingqalelo kwixesha elibuhlungu lamaqhawe, kodwa acinga njengomsebenzi njengento ephosakeleyo kakhulu yokuqonda ukuziphatha.

Ngaba u Dostoevsky uyinyani?

Into echanekileyo yokubona kwi-Dostoevsky umbhali-realist wayenako u-DI Pisarev, ebhala ngale ngxelo exabisekileyo. "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuGwetywa" kwaqwalaselwa ngenyameko kwinqaku ethi "Intswelo Yokuphila": kulo mgxeka uphakamise umbandela wokuphucula ukuziphatha koluntu olujikeleze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ingcamango ebalulekileyo malunga neveli yaveliswa ngokuchanekileyo ngulo mbhali: loo nxalenye yenkululeko uRaulolnikov wayenayo yayingabalulekanga. Eyona nto ibangela ulwaphulo-mthetho uPisarev ubona ubumpofu, ukuphikisana kobomi baseRashiya, ukuwa kwezinto zokuziphatha kwabantu abajikeleze iRaskolnikov.

Ixabiso lokwenene lothando

"Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusola" yincwadi yobomi baseRashiya boqobo. Isici esibonisa ubugcisa bukaFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky ukukwazi kwakhe ukuthanda "kungekuhle" abantu, kodwa bawa, baphukile, banesono. Ziyinjongo zobubele obubonakaliswa kwincwadi enomdla "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusola". Umxholo wezahluko, imihlathi, imigca ibandakanya iinyembezi ezibuhlungu zomlobi ezityhalalayo ngenxa yezinto zaseRashiya, phezu kwexesha laseRashiya ngokwalo. Unqwenela ukuba umfundi abe nemfesane, kuba ngaphandle kwakhe kweli hlabathi eliyingcolileyo, ubomi-kunye nokufa-akukho, kwakukho, kwaye akaze kube.