Law of spikelets (ummiselo "7-8"). indlala ezingezizo kwi USSR, amaxhoba ka-Holodomor

Ukubonisa unya kulawulo Soviet egazi, baye basebenzisa njenge mpikiswano kwi umthetho "phezu spikelets amathathu". Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, lo mmiselo ijoliswe ngqo ezingatshabalalisa zaba balimi. Noko ke, kumsebenzi abaphandi kunye banembono eyahlukileyo kule meko.

izivakalisi Iimpawu

Kule minyaka zocindezelo kaStalin enza RSFSR Criminal Code. Iqala izohlwayo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo ezahlukeneyo. Uxanduva ngenxa yobusela kaloku sasisincinane kakhulu, unako baze bathi yokomfuziselo. Umzekelo, ngenxa yobusela yeyam ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa kwaye ngaphandle zoqoqo kunye nabanye abantu okwesihlandlo sokuqala ubekwe ngebhaxa okanye entolongweni iinyanga ukuya ku-3. Ukuba isenzo lizinikele ngokuphindaphindiweyo okanye ngokuxhomekeke kakubi ezi aseti eziphathekayo eziyimfuneko ixhoba, isohlwayo isicelo ukuya entolongweni kangangexesha ukuya kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Ngenxa yobusela ngokuphindaphindiweyo okanye efuna ukusetyenziswa iindlela zobugcisa kwakunye ngokwesivumelwano phambi wayefanele entolongweni ukuya kunyaka. Isohlwayo efanayo umnwe ubusela kwizifundo ezenziwe ngaphandle uthe iimeko kwi kumgangatho, kwizikhululo zikaloliwe, iihotele, iinqanawa kunye noololiwe. Kuba weba kwindawo yokugcina impahla karhulumente okanye urhulumente, omnye yogcino usebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa okanye zoqoqo kunye nabanye abantu abaqeshwe okanye nomsebenzi onyanzelwayo ukuya kunyaka okanye ukuvalelwa iilitha ukuya ku-2 ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Isivakalisi ezinjalo zezifundo angenzi isenzo elikhankanyiweyo iimeko ukuba babe ukufikelela ekhethekileyo izinto okanye ukukhusela kubo, kwaye ngexesha izikhukula, umlilo okanye enye intlekele. Ngenxa yobusela ingakumbi enkulu yoluntu / izitora karhulumente kunye nezibonelelo zokugcina, kwakunye kunye nokwamkelwa ekhethekileyo kubo, usebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa okanye zoqoqo nezinye izaphuli-ebekumele iminyaka emi-5 entolongweni. Njengoko ubona, isohlwayo ibithambile ngokwaneleyo, naxa kukho iimeko ezinzulu. Kakade ke, ezi zohlwayo zange ayeke nabaqhekezi. Le ngxaki mandundu yi kukuba uhlobo olutsha lwepropati yaba sisiphumo collectivization - yoluntu. Enyanisweni, wahlala ngaphandle naluphi na ukhuseleko lwasemthethweni.

umyalo 7-8

Kweli lizwe kwakukho ingxaki yobusela. I. V. Stalin kwileta eya Kaganovich uthi imfuneko imvume ezingummiselo entsha. Ngokukodwa, wabhala ukuba kumaxesha kutshanje ziye ubusela rhoqo kakhulu kwempahla kuloliwe / kaloliwe. Umonakalo uthelekelelwa amashumi ezigidi engange. Amatyala kobusela Kolkhoz kunye nempahla nentsebenziswano. Ubusela, njengoko kubonisiwe ngeleta, ikakhulu ahlelwa ngamanqindi kunye nezinye izinto ababefuna ukuba ndiwuthukulule inkqubo karhulumente. Ngokutsho Code Criminal, ezi zifundo ziye kuthathwa amasela eziqhelekileyo, wafumana iminyaka 2-3 entolongweni "ngokusesikweni". Ekusebenzeni emva kweenyanga 6-8. ke amnestied ngokukhuselekileyo. I. V. Stalin walatha imfuneko qinisa ubutyala. Wathi ukuba ube ngakumbi kunokukhokelela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Umphumo waba isigqibo CEC kunye SNK ngoAgasti 7, 1932 Le izohlwayo ngenxa yobusela liqiniswe kakhulu. Ngokutsho nesenzo olumisiweyo, kuba ukubiwa Kolkhoz kunye nempahla lwentsebenziswano ngaphandle iminyaka ukuya ku-10 entolongweni phambi yeemeko ukunciphisa. Ukuba yokugqibela ababengekho, emiselweyo isohlwayo eyinkunzi. Kuba ubusela onjalo bekufanele ukuba shot nokudliwa. Imfuneko ukupapasha isenzo olumisiweyo ibangela xenga sikarhulumente. Abantu abaninzi, bangangxameli imali, bazama ngazo zonke iindlela basebenzise le meko kwaye wenze iinzuzo ezininzi.

kileyo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umthetho "spikelets ezintathu" (njengoko wabizwa ngabantu) waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu fanatically abasemagunyeni. Ekubeni zokuvunywa January 1, 1933 bagwetywa:

1. Ekufeni - 3.5%.
2. Iminyaka 10 - 60,3%.
3. isohlwayo Ngaphantsi kakhulu ezifunyenweyo 36.2%.

Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka athi zonke izigwebo ekufeni babulawa eSoviet Union. 1932 yaba othile ixesha trial ukusebenzisa lo ummiselo omtsha. amagunya jikelele nikeza ngo-2686 wagwetywa ukuba eyinkunzi. Inani elikhulu izigqibo kwafuneka kwiinkundla yomgama zothutho (812), kunye neenkundla zomkhosi (208). Kunjalo, i RSFSR Ephakamileyo yiSoviet wahlaziywa phantse isiqingatha zivakalisi. CEC Elawulayo ekhutshwe acquittals ngaphezulu. Njengoko nokurekhodwa Krylenko, Abantu Commissar of Justice, inani elipheleleyo labantu ababulawa akugqithwa 1000.

amacala

Kukho kakhulu ngumbuzo ubhalo: kutheni iNkundla Ephakamileyo waqalisa ngokutsha izigqibo zeenkundla ezisezantsi? Oku kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba yokugqibela, ukusebenzisa umthetho "spikelets abathathu", weva maxa wambi de engenangqondo. Umzekelo, isohlwayo esiqatha sele yabelwe nabalimi abathathu luphawulwa utshutshiso njengoko ngenqindi, ize ingeniswe zizo izatifikethi - njengoko abalimi phakathi. Baye enecala wathabatha emkhombeni izinto ifama, uye kuloba. isigwebo ezimandundu waphoselwa njengoko yonke intsapho. Abantu ngecala oko okuloba umlambo owawuphuma kufuphi ifama nemibutho. Esinye isigqibo ehlekisayo senziwa malunga mfana. Yena "nemimoya kunye amantombazana kwi navimba, ngaloo ndlela ebangela ixhala ihagu ekule fama." Ekubeni impahla nemibutho kwaba inviolable kwaye engcwele, ijaji igwebe mfana ukuya kwiminyaka eli-10 entolongweni "ngenxa ebubini bakhe." Njengoko kuchaziwe phamflethi yakhe Wyszynski - umtshutshisi adumileyo ixesha - zonke ezi amatyala ingqalelo ngabagwebi njenge ikukunyasha ubutyebi karhulumente, kodwa eneneni abo babengekho. Kwangaxeshanye, umbhali wongezelela ngelithi loo izisombululo rhoqo irhoxisiwe, kwaye abagwebi zisuswe kwizikhundla zabo. Noko ke, njengoko kuchaziwe yi Wyszynski, konke oku okunene ebalasele inqanaba elingonelanga lokuqonda, iindawo ezintle nje kuphela abantu bakwazi ukwenza izigwebo ezinjalo.

imizekelo izisombululo

Tallyman kwenye yeefama ngenxa nokungahoywa zokusebenza zezolimo, nto leyo ichazwe kwi buso eyiyeka emoyeni evulekileyo, oko yakhethwa-10 entolongweni. Kulo mzekelo, inkundla iye ayasekwa nokuba sele ufumene Instruments nokungancedi buso okanye epheleleyo. Volovschik kwenye yeefama ukuba iinkunzi ngaphandle ngexesha zokucoca. Enye isilwanyana base bengene kwaye umlenze wakhe. Ngokomyalelo lebhodi inkomo elabulawa. Court Abantu wagwetywa volovschika ukuya kwiminyaka eli-10 entolongweni. Enye khonzi beza phantsi komthetho we "spikelets abathathu". Khwela ende ukususa nekhephu kuwo, wafumana ingqolowa phezu iingxowa-2. Le umlungiseleli nangoko waxelela ibhunga lali. Ukuze uvavanyo bathunyelwa abantu ukuba wafumana wengxowa yesithathu zengqolowa. Umfundisi wagwetywa iminyaka eli-10. INtloko bhuma wagwetywa iminyaka elishumi oko kuthiwa ubunzima engalunganga abantu. Olu phicotho ezichongiweyo kwelinye zokugcina 375 kg yengqolowa kwemfuneko. Kwiingxoxo phambi kweNkundla Abantu akazange acinge ingxelo yentloko lokungqinisisa wemigodi eseleyo. Ummangalelwa ngelithi ukuba ngenxa inkcazelo ephosakeleyo zeengxelo kwindawo yogcino eyahlukileyo kufuneka ukungabikho ingqolowa inani elifanayo. Emva kokuba isigwebo kungqinwe yintloko ingxelo. Omnye wamafama wagwetywa iminyaka 2 entolongweni ngenxa yokuba wayezuza entendeni kangangesandla okuziinkozo wadla kuba ndifuna ukuba, ndidleke, bengakwazi ukusebenza. Zonke ezi zibakala zingasebenza njengobungqina unya na ke lawulo. Noko ke, izivakalisi mthethweni kunye nonsensical ukulunga irhoxisiwe phantse ngoko nangoko emva yamkelwe.

imithetho karhulumente

Izivakalisi "kuba ngeendlebe" ibonakalisa nalwazelelelo nokuchas 'umthetho. Urhulumente afuna ukuba abasebenzi ubulungisa musa ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa senzo emisiweyo xa oko kuya kukhokelela ekubeni sibenze yakhe. Nangakumbi, lo mthetho "ezintathu spikelets 'ayikwazanga kusetyenziswa ngokuqhekeza ezinemilinganiselo ezincinane kakhulu okanye imeko enzima kakhulu zemali unetyala. abasebenzi enkundla Local abanazakhono kakhulu. Bekunye ngenzondelelo ngokugqithiseleyo wakhokelela omkhulu "ukuzinkcinkca." Noko ke, kwinqanaba likarhulumente yaba ukuba umzabalazo esebenzayo kubo. Ngokukodwa, ngabantu agunyazisiweyo ezifunekayo ukuba isicelo namatyala amancinci Art. 162 soMthetho i-Criminal Code of the RSFSR, esinika kuba sisohlwayo amanqaku ephisa ngawo. mandla aphezulu walatha imfuneko ukuthoba ilungelo faneleke isenzo. Ukongeza, kusithiwa malunga non-ukusetyenziswa amalungiselelo mthethweni lula isohlwayo ebomini kwindawo kakhulu.

Indlala kwi USSR ngo 1932-1933

Imeko kweli lizwe kwakunzima kakhulu. Usizi kwaphawulwa RSFSR, i Byelorussian SSR, eMntla eCaucasus, kummandla iVolga, le Urals Southern, Western eSiberia, North Kazakhstan. Kwi-USSR ngemithombo ezisemthethweni kuboniswe igama "ndlala." E Ukraine, ngo-2006 i-Verkhovna Symbol, nokwazeka njengesenzo kohlanga. Khokela yangaphambili Republic of urhulumente waseSoviet otyholwa kulitshabalalisa lokuhlela yabemi. Le mithombo wabonisa ukuba le "ndlala ngumntu" kuye kubangele enkulu multi-million amaxhoba. Kamva, emva ukuwa, le meko ngokubanzi ehlanganiswa ngamajelo eendaba kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni ezahlukeneyo. Holodomor kwakuthathwa ngamagosa ezininzi aphezulu omnye iziphiwo nkqubo ngxwaba ngamandla eSoviet. Noko ke, njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, ingxaki kwenzeka kwezinye republic, kuquka RSFSR.

oovimba wokudla

Ngokutsho uphando olwenziwe ngugqirha of Sciences zembali Kondrashin, nayindlala USSR ngo-1932-1933 yaba sisiphumo collectivization endaweni yonke. Kwezinye iingingqi, umzekelo, kummandla iVolga, isimo kubangelwa procurements okuziinkozo ngenkani. Le mbono luqinisekiswe linani amangqina ezo ziganeko. kwavela indlala ngenxa yokuba amafama okuziinkozo eqokelelweyo kwafuneka ukuba athathe. Emaphandleni ubunzima ngamandla ukusuka collectivization kunye ukuhluthwa. In iVolga mmandla IKomishoni nokunikezela ingqolowa phantsi kobunkokheli kuNobhala Communist Party Postysheva yakhupha isigqibo ukurhoxiswa kwezixa kumafama ngamnye, abalimi kunye abalima ndayizuza. Phantsi buhlungu mthetho nezohlwayo sihlalo, iintloko zolawulo kwanyanzeleka ukuba lokutshintshela kurhulumente phantse sonke isivuno. Yonke le ndawo, ndayihluthwa kwezixa ukutya kwabangela indlala. La manyathelo efanayo basiwa Kaganovich kunye Molotov. izigqibo zabo ngaye amazwe North eCaucasus kunye Ukraine. Ngenxa yoko, eli lizwe baqalisa ukufa inyambalala yabantu. Ngelo xesha linye kumele kuthiwe ukuba isicwangciso zokuthengwa ingqolowa-1932 kwaye imali okuziinkozo eneneni lwesivuno engaphantsi kakhulu kuneleminyaka yangaphambili kunye elandelayo. okuziinkozo zizonke wahlukana kwiilali kuzo zonke iindlela (iimarike, ukuthenga, preform) kwehle nge-20%. Umthamo ezithumela yawa ukusuka kwizigidi 5.2 zeetoni ngo-1931 ukuya 1.73 ngo-1932, kunyaka olandelayo, yena ngakumbi yancitshiswa - ukuya kwizigidi 1,68 iitoni. Imimandla ephambili okuziinkozo-ezivelisa (eMntla. Caucasus kunye Ukraine) quotas kwinani billets zehla ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Umzekelo, kwi-Ukraine kwabalelwa kwikota iinkozo sasekhohlo, ngoxa ngowe-1930 kwaba 35 umthamo%. Ngokutsho Zhuravlev, indlala kwaba senziwa ukuwa elibukhali izivuno ngenxa collectivization.

Iziphumo kwesicelo kolawulo

Inqaku usekela sihlalo OGPU kunye Prokofiev INtloko yeSebe yeli OGPU Mironov ukuya Stalin lowu ukuba iziganeko zobusela, wayityhila iiveki ezimbini, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ingqalelo zolwaphulo ezinkulu olwaqhubeka Rostov-on-Don. Ubusela basasazeke le nkqubo iyonke, yokubhaka. Ukweba baba Mills kwi kwisityalo, kwiivenkile ezimbini, 33 iivenkile, eziqulathe ngaphandle ukuthengiswa kweemveliso oluntu. Ngenxa yokubhuqwa iimvavanyo kuye kwafunyanwa ngaphezu kwe-6 amawaka eemina isonka,-1 000 -. Sugar, 500 -. Bran, njl chaos enjalo kwenzeka ngenxa yokungabikho ingxelo ecacileyo kunye nolawulo, kwaye kananjalo ngenxa abasebenzi izihlobo mthetho. kweliso Work, eyaqhotyoshelwa kuthungelwano yorhwebo, injongo yaso akagwetyelwa. Kuzo zonke iimeko, abahloli wenza njengoko ababehamba ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba babeke iisiginitsha zabo izenzo ezaziwayo intsomi nedovozu isonka, bhala-off shrinkage, njl Ngenxa yophando abantu 54 babanjwa, amahlanu kuwo -. ILungu CPSU (b). Isebe Soyuztransa baseTaganrog umbutho wabantu 62 sele engenalo. Phakathi kwabo kwizibuko amagosa, nabamasango, abaqhubi, inkoliso yabo esahleliyo kulaks zangaphambili, abarhwebi, ngenxa izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho. Njengenxalenye yentlangano ke weba iimpahla ihanjiswa ukusuka kwindawo zibuko. Imiqulu ibiwe ngqo ezichaza ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba zolwaphulo-Kuyacaca ukuba abalimi.

isiphelo

Ngenxa ukubiwa isenzo olumisiweyo kwi ukuthuthwa w / d kunye nokubiwa kwempahla kwifama karhulumente, impahla amaqumrhu amanyeneyo aqala ukuncipha. NgoJanuwari 1936 baqalisa kwisimo esikhulu abantu enetyala. Yayamkela isigqibo nge-16 Januwari, apho uphicotho amatyala ezichaphazelekayo. Ngenxa yoko, amanye amabanjwa kwimisebenzi musa ayiqulathanga iziqalelo ze-mthetho, baye bakhululwa entolongweni.