Ukuvuselelwa kweCarolingian

I-Carolingian Renaissance iyinkqubo yokuzalwa kwengqondo kunye neenkcubeko kwixesha eliphakathi kweYurophu yaseMntla, ukususela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibhozo ukuya phakathi kweyesithoba, ngexesha lokulawula kwababusi baseFrankish of kings Carolinean, ikakhulukazi ngexesha leCharlemagne, kunye noLouis the Pious, uKarl waseBald.

Eli xesha lalibonakaliswa ngentshisekelo ephakamileyo kwincwadi kunye nokubhala, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, ukuguqulwa kwamathambo kunye nokufunda izibhalo. I-aesthetics yesivuselelo isekelwe kwimpumelelo yenkcubeko yeRoma yaseMandulo.

Emva kwenkqubela yokuhlaselwa kunye nokuncipha okuthile ekuphuhliseni iingcamango zobugcisa, ubugcisa kunye nenkcubeko, uKarl Omkhulu wahlanganiswa enkundleni yakhe ezininzi iingcinga ezintle zelo xesha, efuna ngoncedo lwabo ukuvuselela kwiimeko zabo zesimo senzululwazi, ifilosofi, imfundo yobugcisa eyayiyimpawu yenkcubeko yamaRoma .

Ukungabikho kwemfundo kubonakala ngokukhethekileyo phakathi kwabafundisi. Kwaye abo babemi bachitha imihla yabo ukukopisha imibhalo yesandla yakudala babesazi ukuba bafunde ngokungaqhelekanga oko babhalayo, ngakumbi ukuqonda intsingiselo. Ngesi sizathu, imibhalo yesandla ekhoyo yesibhozo yesibhozo yesibhozo nesibhozo idla ngokudideka kangangokuthi ayinakwenzeka. Ekubeni kwakungekho ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwemfundo, zabhalwa kwiibrari ezinkulu, ngeempazamo ezininzi, ngaphandle kweziphumlisi.

Kwimeko yaseFrank, uCar akakwazanga ukufumana ikopi efanelekileyo yeBhayibhile okanye umbhalo opheleleyo wemithetho yeBenedictine, eyayifuneka ithunyelwe eRome. Okokuqala, injongo ephambili kaCharles yayiyinxalenye yecawa laseFrank, elaliphantsi kokulawula kwakhe. Yena ngokwakhe wayeyindoda efundiswe kakhulu ngexesha lakhe. Wafunda isiLatini, isiGrike, isingqungquthela, ingqiqo, i-astronomy. Ukuba enyakatho yeItali, uCarl wadibana nesazi se-Anglo-Saxon uAlquin, obizwa ngokuba yimpumelelo yokuvuselela i-Carolingian revival.

Umphengululi onobulumko, wayehlala eYork, apho kwakukho ilayibrari eneqoqo epheleleyo yemibhalo yesandla. UKarl uqinisekisile uAlcuin ukuba aye e-Aachen, ukuhlala kwekosi yaseFrank, ukwenzela ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zemfundo zesikolo saseburhulumenteni. Inzululwazi yavelisa inkqubo eyenzelwe ukuqeqeshwa kwabafundisi kunye neentloko. Kuyo ungayifumana imvelaphi yezobugcisa ezi-7 ezikhululekile: i-trivium -grama, i-rhetoric, logic; I-quadrivium - ubugcisa beemathematika, i-geometry, i-arithmetic, i-astronomy nomculo. Kule migaqo kwakukho imfundo yeklasi neyomfundi. Abafundi bafunda uHomer, Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, Plato, Cicero.

Amaqhawe okuvuselela awona nje uAlcuin kuphela. Phakathi kwabamenywe enkundleni kaCharles kwakukhona ezinye izazinzulu ezigunyazisileyo, izazi zefilosofi, izibongo: UPetros wasePisa, wayalela uKarl ngesiLatini, uPiacock ukusuka kuAkleia, oqeshwe nguMphathiswa we-Aquilean (iPiacock II), uLombard Paul Diacon, uVisigoth Theodulf.

Amaziko okufundiswa kwemfundo kunye nemfundo yayiyizindlu zontraka, apho kwakukho amagumbi akhethekileyo okukopisha imibhalo yesandla yamandulo. Kodwa kwakungekho ukukopisha okungenangqiqo - zonke iicatshulwa zazifundwa ngokucophelela ngabononki. Kwimibhalo yesandla emitsha, amagama ahlukeneyo komnye nomnye, kukho iziphumlisi. UCharles ulinganiselwe kwisiLatin esiphakathi. Inyaniso yinto yokuba utshintshile kwisiLatini ukususela kwiintsuku zaseRoma zakudala, amagama amatsha, amabinzana, iilwimi, ezifunekayo ukuba zifakwe kulwimi. UCarl waqwalasela zonke iinguqu, kwaye i-Latin ephakathi yavela kwifomu eyaziwa namhlanje.

Ixesha elithi "ukuvuselelwa kweCarolingian", eyaliswa ngumfundi-mlando waseFransi uJean-Jacques Amper ngekhulu le-19, idlalwa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba ixesha liye lalinganiselwe kukuphuhliswa phakathi kobufundisi kwaye lungekho uhambo lwezentlalo loluntu oluphawulekayo lokubuyiswa kweNtaliyane. Ukongezelela, yabe imelela umzamo wokuvuselela inkcubeko yoBukumkani baseRoma. Nangona kunjalo, kwakunjalo ukusasazwa kwezenkolo zobuKristu kunye nenkcubeko eyodwa. Kwaye ulawulo lukaCharles ngokwakhe lwalubuqili kangangokuthi wayefaniswa nolawulo lukaAlexandro Omkhulu, uKhesare uAgasto, uKonstantine, uYustinian.

Ukufa kukaCharles kwaba esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokunciphisa ilizwe laseFrank kunye nenkcubeko yalo.

Ekubuyiseleni, ukuvuselela kweCarolingian kunempawu ezithile "zobuxoki" xa iimpumelelo zenkcubeko ziye zahlakazeka ngokubanzi kwizizukulwana ezininzi.

Uluhlu lwezobugcisa luhamba malunga nekhulu leminyaka, ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-800 ukuya kweyesi-900, kodwa kwakuyimpembelelo enyakatho yaseYurophu, esekelwe kwiifomu zobugcisa (classic) (zaseRoma), umhlaba wawulungiselelwe ukuphakama kwe-Romanesque kwaye ekugqibeleni, ubugcisa be-Gothic. Ukususela ngelo xesha, imiqulu ebhaliweyo, i-metalware, i-sculpture, i-mosaic kunye ne-fresco isebenze.

Kwizakhiwo, ukuvuselelwa kweCarolingian kubonakala ngesitayela esenziwa nguKarl kunye nokulawula ngaphambi kokubusa kolawulo lwaseJamani uKumkani u-Otto I. Kwakungumzamo wokuzama ukuphinda uvuselele ubugcisa beRoma kunye neByzantine, kodwa ngenxa yemigangatho eyatholwa ngumntu oyedwa.