Ukuqulunqwa kwimixholo "Iindlela zokudala i-comic kwiintetho zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin"

Iingxaki zentlalo yoluntu ziye zisoloko zikhona, ngaba zabo kwiimbali zabo bahlalutya baze bagxeke uSalkovkov-Shchedrin. Ngaloo nto ubonisa uthando kumama aseMotherland, ukungakhathaleli kwinto eyenzekayo kunye nabantu bakhe abathandayo.

USalkovkov-Shchedrin - umbonisi wokungalingani kwezentlalo

U-Saltykov-Shchedrin wayazi ngokuzenzekelayo zonke izibizo zesitfowuni. Ukukhula kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo, ukususela ebuntwaneni kwenzelwa intiyo yokugqilaza abahlali. USalkovkov Shchedrin ngokwakhe uthetha ngobuntwaneni bakhe, apho ubunzima, ukwesaba kunye nendlala yabalimi babangela intlungu kumphefumlo omncinci womlobi.

UShrinrin uya kufunda kwiTsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Ngelishwa, isikhungo semfundo asisekho phantsi kwePushkin: abasebenzi abafundisayo baye bathathaka. Kwiingcamango zabafundi, le ngcamango yafakwa ukuba umsebenzi wabo "ukusebenza kweenkcazo zenkosi". Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka yaseLyceum yathintela ngokucacileyo imbono yelo mbhali, apho wadibana noPetrashevsky. Ubuhlobo bomntu owaziwayo kunye nomlobi uba namandla kakhulu.

Sekuqaleni kwimisebenzi yakhe yokuqala uSalkovkov-Shchedrin ugxeka ukuhlelwa kwentlalo kunye nentlalo yoluntu. Kuba uNicholas ndichaza umbhali kuVatka. Kukhona uSaltykov-Shchedrin womelezwa ngakumbi kwingcamango yokubhengeza i-social order.

Emva kokubuya kwakhe ekuthinjweni, uSaltykov-Shchedrin usebenza kwiNgqungquthela, uhlangana neNekrasov kwaye uqala umsebenzi e-Otechestvennye zapiski naseSovremennik. Ingaba kubhala okanye inkonzo kawonkewonke, kuyo yonke indawo abantu abajikelezile bawubhiyozele ukusebenza okuyingqayizivele kaMikhail Evgrafovich.

Itheyibhile - isithsaba sokubumba kombhali

Iingxelo zefeythi zithwesa imivuzo yemisebenzi kaSaltykov-Shchedrin. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isibheno kulo hlobo lwangenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko. Ngo-1881, uNarodnaya Volya wabulala uAlexander II. Emva kwesi siganeko, iimpapasho eziprintiweyo zixhomekeke kunzulu. Ngako oko, kwakudingeka ukuvelisa ifom entsha ukwenzela ukuba ulandele ingqalelo yomfundi ukugxekwa kweengxaki zentlalo. Oku kwenza uSalkovkov-Shchedrin ukuba asebenzise indawo ye-Aesopian-indaba yefestile.

Kwakukho esinye isizathu sokunyangwa kombhali wefayile: wayekholelwa ukuba olu hlobo lufuphi kakhulu kubantu, kwaye ngaloo mntu unako ukuthetha iingcamango zakhe kunoma yimuphi umfundi. Iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukudala i-comic kwiindaba zeSaltykov-Shchedrin azizange zishiye uninzi lwabantu abangenanto.

"Iingoma zezingane ezineminyaka emihle" - oko kuthiwa yiqoqo lokuqala likaSaltykov-Shchedrin, elibandakanya iindumiso ezingama-28. Kutheni umlobi ebiza abaphulaphuli ngaloo ndlela? Abantwana abancediswa ngamazwi amnandi bayazi ihlabathi elibajikelezile, njengokuba uSaltykov-Shchedrin ucinga, kwaye abantu abadala kufuneka bavule amehlo abo kwiimeko ezizungezile.

Umlobi ngokwakhe uvela kumfanekiso wendlalifa-umbalisi onobuhle, ngegama lakhe elihlekisayo lokuhleka. Abagxeki baye bathi uSaltykov-Shchedrin "ungumtshutshisi wenyaniso yaseRashiya."

Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimiba ethile yefestile, imiba emininzi iphakanyisiwe. Zingancitshiswa zibe zine: ukutyhila amandla angenamkhawulo we-tsar, isigaba esilawulayo, inkululeko, kwaye umbhali uxhalabele ngengxaki yabantu.

Ubugcisa bokuqala beembali zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin

Ngokomqulu walo, ibali aligqithanga ibali. Kodwa ibonakalisa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubantu kunye nokuziphatha kwabo. Le ngcamango ifumaneka kuzo zonke iindlela zokudala i-comic. Kwiingxelo zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin, ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyakuthi:

1. Ukudibanisa kunye neengxaki zabantu:

• Izizathu: "Kanye emva kwexesha", "Kubukumkani othile".
• Amanani kwiimpawu ezingenanombolo: "UbuBukumkani boThathu obude."
• Amacebo: "Ngomyalelo we-pike."
• Iintlanzi ezintle: "Izilwanyana ziyingozi."
• Amagama anamandla: "Ivan the Fool".

2. Isithethe esithembekile silandelwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo zibizwa ngeengcamango kwiprose, kuba izigxeko zabantu ziboniswa ngolwimi olungenangqiqo ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso yezilwanyana ("I-Wisse Pisar").

3. Ukudibanisa okwenene kunye nemnandi kukuba ngumthombo oyintloko apho i-comic kwiintetho zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin ifumaneka.

4. Ngeengxelo zenkcubeko, ulwimi lwe-aphoristic luphawu.

Ukuzihlaziya kunye nokukhwabanisa: umahluko phakathi kweengcamango

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlalutye iindlela zokudala i-comic kwiintetho zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin, kubalulekile ukucacisa oko umbhali asebenzisa: ukuhleka okanye ukunyakaza. Ezi ngcamango zimbini zibhekiselele kwimpikiswano yama-comic, kodwa zinomlinganiselo omkhulu: ukuhleka ngumhleko omhle ongahambi kubantu ngabanye. Nge-satire, yonke into iyahluke: oku kuluhlu olubi. Njengomthetho, uhleka usulu iziphoso zabantu okanye ezentlalo. Ukuqhankqalaza nokulungelelana ngumsindo we-satellites ye-satire.

Kuhleka ukuhleka okusebenzisa uSaltykov-Shchedrin kwiindalana. Ukuhleka okunje kufanele kwenze ukuba abafundi baqikelele ukuba konke kulungile kumyalelo okhoyo.

Indlela umlobi afikelela ngayo amahlaya

Cinga iindlela zokudala i-comic kwiindaba zeSaltykov-Shchedrin. Umbhali usebenzisa iindlela ezininzi:

1. I-Hyperbole (exaggeration). Ngokomzekelo, i-pisar ehlala kwaye igubha iminyaka engama-100 engcwabeni yakhe (inkcazelo ethi "The Wisecracker").
2. I-Grotesque (umxube wenyaniso kunye neengcamango). Omnye unokuthi ukukhohlakeleyo kuvela kwiintetho ezininzi zikaSkrinrin. Emva kwayo yonke into, abalinganiswa bakhe, njengombandela, basemhlabeni oyinyaniso-oyinyaniso ("Ingxelo yendlela indoda enye idla ngayo abalawuli ababini" - abaphathi beenqobo bayashukunyiswa ngumbhali kwisiqithi esingahlali kuyo).
3. I-Allegory (izenzo zabantu kunye nezentlalo kuboniswa ngemifanekiso yezilwanyana). Ngokomzekelo, intetho ethi "I-Hare Hare engenakuzimela", apho kuthobela ukuthobela isigwebo, ukuxhomekeka kwimoya yokuzinyamekela. Yaye iyakhiwe kwiindawo ezihloniphekileyo.
4. Ulwimi lwe-Aesop. Ukwamkela, apho intetho yombhali ingonakali, izele ngokungaqondani kunye neengxelo. (Abaphathi, ukuba baye kwisiqithi, "bakhala okokuqala emva kokuba bavala irejista").

Njengoko ubona, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukudala i-comic kwiindaba zeSaltykov-Shchedrin. Ukubhalwa kwesi sihloko kufanele kufake yonke i-reception.

Uhlalutyo lwendlela yamahlaya kwintsimi yamagama "Umnini wezilwanyana zasendle"

Siza kuhlalutya enye yeembali ukuze sikhethe iindlela zokudala i-comic kwiintetho zikaSaltykov-Shchedrin. "Umnini womhlaba wasendle" - omnye wemisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu yombhali wale hlobo. Kwimbali yenkcazo ichazwe ngomnini-mhlaba, owashiywa ngaphandle kwama-serfs. Kwakubonakala kuye ukuba, ekulahlekeni kwakhe "muzhik", wayeya kuphilisa kakuhle, kodwa yonke into yenzeke ngokuphambene. Umnini wasendle kangangokuba wayebukeka njengezilwanyana.

U-Saltykov-Shchedrin uphakamisa kwingcamango ebalulekileyo: amandla angenamkhawulo weklasi yomnini-ntlanzi phezu kwabahlali belizwe, ukunyaniseka nokungenasiphelo kubomi bezindlu. Umbhali uletha ingcamango yakhe, esebenzisa isimboli kuthetha: i-hyperbole, i-grotesque, i-synecdoche kunye ne-antithesis.

Umfanekiselo womnini womhlaba ngumxhasi emva kokuba abalimi banyamalala: bahlanganiswe ngeboya, iinqweba, kwaye balahlekelwa amandla okuthetha. Ukuba sithetha ngezinto ezivuthayo, kunele ukuchaza njengomzekelo ukuba abalimi balala kwipropati. Ukongeza, uSaltykov-Shchedrin udlula ngokusuka kwinyani ukuya kumnandi: umninimzi uhlala kunye nabasebenzi - imeko yinyani, yinyama ngaphandle kwendoda-imnandi, indoda ibonakale - ubomi bubuye bube buyenze kwakhona.

Ekubunjweni kwengxelo yefestile, ukuchithwa kuyasetyenziswa - inkcaso: ubomi bomnini-mhlaba obomi obupheleleyo buhluke kunye nomntu ongenalimi. Ukunika ubungqina bokuthotyelwa kwamakhoboka omlimi wezilwanyana ezinomlinganiselo omkhulu, umbhali uhlalisa kwi-synecdoche, ukumkela apho yonke into ikhethiweyo: "umlimi" kwindalo yamanqaku onke.

Ulwimi lombhali luyingozi, ithoni yakhe ibonakalisa ulwimi lwase-Aesophiya (umnini-mhlaba akakwazanga ukubiza ukuba sele echaza izandi, "kodwa umsila awukafumani").

Sihlolisise iindlela zokudala i-comic kwiindaba zeSaltykov-Shchedrin. Ukubunjwa akuyi kupheleliswa, ukuba kungabikho ukwabiwa kweendlela zobugcisa: iifowuni ("fireball") kunye neepithets ("igama legolide", "umzimba okhunileyo").

Umbhali usebenzisa i-motifs. Oku kufezekisa i-comic kwiindaba zeSaltykov-Shchedrin. Umsebenzi kwi "Wild Landlord" awunjalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe: iziqalo ("ebukumkanini obuthile"), amagama athi "phila kwaye aphile", imifanekiso yenkcubeko yezilwanyana (ibhere eqikeleleyo, i-hare ekhohlakeleyo, imouse ephindaphindiweyo), ukuphindaphinda kathathu (umninikhaya wathatha iindwendwe kathathu xa abalimi bephela).

Iingxelo ze-Shchedrin - isikhumbuzo satire. Ukusebenzisa isithethe senkondlo esinesidalwa, umbhali wakwazi ukuguqulela umxholo ocebileyo.