Isishwankathelo se-Epic yeGilgamesh, iingxaki zefilosofi, uhlalutyo

Zonke iintlanga zinamaqhawe abo. KwiMesopotamia yasendulo loo hero eyaziwayo yayinguKumkani uGilgamesh-onokulwa nesilumko, efuna ukungafi. Ufumene iimpawu ngeencwadi ezithetha ngaye, mhlawumbi, sisikhumbuzo sokuqala sokubhala.

Ngubani uGilgamesh?

Ingcamango yeGilgamesh nayo iyimithombo ebalulekileyo yolwazi malunga neenkolelo zamaSumeriya. KwiMesopotamiya yasendulo, iTar Uruk (eyomeleleyo kwaye yaphuhliswa ngelo xesha idolophu-abantu ababehlala kuyo) yayinenkohlakalo ebusheni bakhe Gilgamesh. Wayenamandla, enenkani, kwaye akazange ahloniphe oothixo. Amandla akhe ayedlula ngaphezu kwamandla omntu wasemhlabeni ukuze anqobe inkunzi yenkomo okanye ingonyama ngesandla esinye, njengalowo unesibindi seBhayibhile uSamson. Wayenokuya kwelinye icala lehlabathi ukuqhubela phambili igama lakhe; Bhukume ngaphesheya kolwandle lokufa, ukunika abantu ithemba lokuphila okungafi emhlabeni.

Kubonakala ukuba, emva kokufa kwakhe, abantu baphakanyisiwe kakhulu kwiimbali zokumkani wakhe, kangangokuthi wamthiya unkulunkulu wezithathu, kunye nomntu wesithathu kuphela. Wafumana ukuhlonela okunjalo ngenxa yokoma okungenakuphikelela ukufumana oothixo nokufuna ubomi obungunaphakade. Leli bali lichaza ibali laseBabiloni likaGilgamesh.

Le ngqangi malunga neqhawe eliye lafunda ezininzi iingxaki ekugungquleni lihlalutyiswa ngabafilosofi kunye nabafundisi bezkolo kwithemba lokufumana iimpendulo kwimibandela engunaphakade malunga nokuphila nokufa okubangelwa yiSomeri.

Umhlobo waseGilgemes - Enkidu

Elinye iqhawe eliphambili le-epic ngu-Enkidu onamandla, owayevela koothixo ukuba abulale iGilgamesh. Ngenkohlakalo ukumkani wase-Uruk wabathatha abantu, ukuba abantu bathandaze unkulunkulukazi ophakamileyo ukuba enze umchasi wenkosi yakhe, ukuze loo mfazwe omncinci abe nenxaxheba eninzi ngentshiseko yolutsha kunye namandla okulwa.

Kwaye udadekazi we-Sumer wadalwa ngesicelo soxinzelelo lwesigama nesilwanyana. Wamkela igama lika-Enkidu - unyana ka-Enki. Waya ukulwa nokulwa neGilgamesh. Kodwa xa ehlulekile ukunqoba umchasi kwi-duel, u-Enkidu noGilgamesh bazilahla ekubeni inamandla abo ayenjalo. Emva koko, iGilgemesh yaba ngumhlobo omkhulu ka-Enkidu. Kwaye uGilgamesh wamzisa kumama wakhe - unkulunkulukazi uNinsun, kangangokuthi wayibusisa isigxina se-beleague njengomzalwana wakhe unyana.

Kanye no-Enkidu, iqhawe laya ezweni leemisedare. Kubonakala ukuba ilizwe leemisedare lalibizwa ngokuba yiLebhanon yamanje. Apho bawabulala umlindi wesango lomsedare - iHumbaba, apho unyana ka-Enki wahlupheka.

Ngokomlando, wafa ngenxa yokugula emva kweentsuku ezili-12 ezinzima kunokuba uGilgamesh ngokwakhe. U-tsar wabuhlungu ngenxa yomhlobo wakhe osondeleyo. Kodwa uGilgamesh ngokwakhe wayezimisele ukuba aqhubeke nohambo lwakhe emhlabeni. Ingxelo emfutshane ye-epic malunga neGilgamesh inikeza ingcamango yokuba yatshintshe kangakanani ubuhlobo kunye nokungabonakali koothixo beGilgamesh. Kwaye emva kokufa kweli qhawe, ukumkani wayeguquke kwakhona.

Amacwecwe ngamabali

Inzululwazi kuwo onke amazwe unomdla kumbuzo wokuthi i-epic malunga neGilgamesh yenziwe njani. I-epic yabhalwa kwiiphilisi zodongwe. Kukho isiphakamiso sokuba umlobi ubhaliwe kwenye indawo ngekhulu lama-22. BC Wafumanisa iipilisi ezili-12 ngeempendulo ze-cuneiform ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Yona yokuqala yokuqala (leyo echazela ngomkhukula) ifunyenwe ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwilayibrari ye-Asiriya ukumkani wase-Asiriya Shurbanipalla. Ngelo xesha kule ndawo yayiyisixeko saseNineve. Kwaye ngoku ngummandla we-Iraq yanamhla.

Kwaye umqhubi uGeorge Smith wabuya efuna ezinye ietafile kwintsimi ye-Ancient Sumer. Ingqikithi kukho iingoma ezili-12 kwi-epic, nganye nganye eneemitha ezi-3,000 zeetekisi zombhalo. Ngoku zonke ezi zibhebhile zedongwe zigcinwa kwiimyuziyam yaseNgesi yomlando wehlabathi.

Kamva, emva kokufa kukaDkt Smith, ezinye iipilisi zafunyanwa zaza zafunyanwa. I-Sumerian "Epic yeGilgamesh" ifumaneka kwisiSiriya, isi-Akkadian kunye nezinye iilwimi ezimbini zasendulo.

Ngubani obhala i-epic: iinguqulelo

Ngubani obhala inkondlo, izazinzulu zeAsiriosologists aziwa. Umdlalo weqhawe onokuthwala imithwalo eyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yeyona njongo ephezulu yincwadi ebalulekileyo kunaSomer. Ezinye iimbali zithi uGilgamesh ngokwakhe emva kokufika kwakhe evela kumazwe angaziwa aqala ukubhala nge-chisel ngodongwe ngeentetho zakhe, ukuze ookhokho babo bangalibali. Kodwa le nguqulo engenakwenzeka. Umntu ophethe ingcamango yomculi kunye nesitayela sobugcisa angabhala umbongo, okholwayo ngamandla egama, kungekhona kwisixhobo.

Omnye ebantwini abaphethe iitalente ezicacileyo zetalente, badibanisa zonke iimbali ezihlakazekile kwibali elilodwa kwaye babhala ngefom yesibongo. Le nkondlo malunga neGilgamesh, eyasinda nanamhla, ithathwa njengomsebenzi wokuqala wokubhala.

Isishwankathelo se-epic malunga neGilgamesh

Ingqungquthela malunga neGilgamesh iqala ngenkcazo yendlela inkosi encinci kunye neyobukhosi eyayinqoba i-Uruk kwaye yavuma ukuthobela ukumkani weso sixeko iKish Agge. Ekubini kunye nabasemagqabini abancinane, uvikela ubukumkani bakhe, umyalelo wokwakha udonga lwamatye malunga nomzi. Oku kukuqala kokukhankanywa kweGilgamesh. Ukuqhubela phambili kwingqungquthela ichazwa malunga neGilgamesh kunye nomthi huluppu (umtsalane otyalwe ebhankini lomlambo u-Ewufrathe ngabaothixo), kwisiqwenga uMdithith ufihlakeleyo. Kwaye kwintsimi yomthi otsalwe ngonqulo, inyoka enkulu yayibhalwa. Gilgamesh uboniswa apha njengomkhuseli onamandla ongenakuvumela ukutshabalalisa umthi onamandla, othandekayo ngumthikazikazi waseAsiriya wothando u-Inanna.

Xa unkulunkulukazi wokuzala u-Ishtar (uIsis wamaGrike) waxabisa inkalipho yaloo mfana oselula, wamyala ukuba abe ngumyeni wakhe. Kodwa uGilgamesh wenqaba, oothixo abathumela kuyo kwilizwe leenkomo ezinzima kunye neenkunzi ezinkulu, enqwenela ukutshabalalisa iqhawe. UGilgamesh, kunye nomhlobo othembekileyo noqinileyo, wanqoba inkunzi yenkomo, kunye neHomeba enkulu.

Yaye unina wenkosi, xa ekhulelwe iphulo, wayethusa kakhulu kwaye wacela ukuba angene ekulweni noHumbaba. Kodwa uGilgamesh akazange aphulaphule nabani na, kodwa wazimisela yonke into. Bonke kunye nomhlobo banqobe iqela eliqingqiweyo elisehlathi lomsedare. Bawunqumla yonke imithi, baphakamise iingcambu ezinkulu. Abahlobo abazange basebenzise le mithi nokuba kwakhiwe okanye nayiphi na into. Imisedare inentsingiselo engcwele kuphela kwi-epic.

Emva koko, ngenxa yokubulala isiqhwala nokudiliza ihlathi elingcwele, oothixo babulala u-Enkidu. Wafa ngesifo esingaziwayo. Nangona zonke iintlozo, oothixo babengenalo inceba kwisiqingatha-inkwenkwezi. Ngaloo ndlela uxelela i-Sumerian epic malunga neGilgamesh.

UGilgamesh ubeka i-rag kwaye ubeka ngaphandle kwindlela engaziwayo, ukuze athole ulwazi lokwenene malunga nokufa, nokukhohlisa amandla aphezulu wobomi obungunaphakade. Wawela amanzi okufa, wayengesabi ukuza kwenye yeebhanki zayo, apho u-Utnapishtim wayehlala khona. Watshela iGilgamesh malunga neentyatyambo ezikhula phantsi kweloLwandle lokuFa. Nguye kuphela ophula ientyatyambo ezimangalisayo, onokuyandisa ixesha lobomi bakhe, kodwa engasayi kuze kube phakade. UGilgamesh ubophelela amatye atyebileyo emilenzeni enamandla, aze aqhube elwandle.

Wakwazi ukufumana intyatyambo. Nangona kunjalo, endleleni eya ekhaya, uyangena echibini elipholileyo, kwaye ushiye intyatyambo elunxwemeni elingalindelekanga. Kwaye ngeli xesha inyoka iyabetha intyatyambo, ibe yincinci emehlweni eqhawe. Kwaye uGilgamesh wabuyela ekhaya, wahlulwa nguye. Emva koko, akazange avume ukulahlekelwa. Nantsi isishwankathelo esifutshane malunga neGilgamesh.

Umkhukula weBhayibhile kwi-Legend of Ancient Sumer

Umlawuli wokuqala wesixeko sase-Uruk akungabazeki. Inkolelo yeGilgamesh ayiyiyo yonke into eyenziwe. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweeminyaka zeminyaka, umfanekiso womntu wangempela kunye neengcamango zidibaniswe ngendlela engenakukwazi ukwahlula le mifanekiso namhlanje.

Ingqungquthela malunga neGilgamesh iqulethe ingxelo ecacileyo yoMkhukula. Ukuhamba ngendlela evulekileyo kwiLanga elilodwa kuphela, iGilgamesh iza iimpendulo zemibuzo yakhe ebukumkanini bukaTutapaptim - omnye phakathi kwabantu abangafi. Umphathi we-Utnapishtim, owayesazi zonke iimfihlelo, wamxelela ngomkhukula onzima kwixesha la mandulo waza wakhiwa yinqanawa yensindiso. Iprototype ye-prednessor Utnapishtim yiTestamente eNdala uNowa. Ukususela apho amaSumeri ayazi ibali malunga noMkhukula weBhayibhile ongenakuqondakala. Kodwa ngokwemixholo yeBhayibhile, uNowa wayephila iminyaka engaphezu kwe-600, kwaye unokuthi ungabhubhi ngabameli bezinye iintlanga.

Efunyenwe kumazwe ayekade ewaseAsiriya "IThe Legend of Gilgamesh, malunga nabo bonke abambonayo" -kufumanisa ukubaluleka okungakaze kwenzeke, njengoko kunika ukutya okucingayo. Eli nqaku lifaniswa ngentsingiselo ne "Incwadi yabafileyo" ngabantu baseYiputa kunye neBhayibhile.

Ingcamango ephambili yembongo

Ingcamango yombongo ayikho entsha. Ukuguqulwa komlingani weqhawe kuvela kwiimbali ezininzi ezindala. Ngenxa yezifundo ezinjalo, i-epic malunga neGilgamesh ibaluleke kakhulu. Uhlalutyo lweenkolelo zabaseSumeriya, imbono yabo yobomi noothixo, ingcamango yabo yokuphila emva kokufa-konke oku kusekuphandwa.

Yiyiphi ingcamango ephambili elandelwa kwimbali? Ngenxa yokuhamba kwakhe, uGilgamesh akafumani into ayifunayo. Ekupheleni kwesiganeko, njengoko inkolelo kaGilgamesh ichaza, intyatyambo yokungafi ivela kwinyoka enobuqili. Kodwa ubomi bokomoya kwiqhawe le-epic lizalwa. Ukususela ngoku, ukholelwa ukuba ukungafi kuyenzeka.

Isishwankathelo se-epic malunga neGilgamesh asixhomekeke kwisicatshulwa esisigxina. Ngako oko, akunakwenzeka ukulandelela ngokuqhubekayo indlela iqela eliye laphuhliswa ngayo, oko kwakunomdla wakhe. Kodwa umgca uthi uGilgamesh unqwenela ukuba udumo, njengelinye. Ngako oko, uya ekulweni eliyingozi kunye neHomeba enkulu, apho iqhawe ligcinwa kuphela ngesicelo kuThimash uninakazikazi. UThixo uShamash uvuselela umoya, ugubuze umkhonto weqhosha, kwaye unceda amaqhawe ekunqobeni kwabo. Kodwa uGilgamesh ufuna udumo kwakhona. Uya phambili. Ingena emanzini okufa.

Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kombongo, ukumkani ufumana uxolo lwengqondo xa ebona iindonga ezilungele ukujikeleza ubukumkani base-Uruk. Intliziyo yakhe yavuya. Iqhawe le-epic lifumana ubulumko bokuba, lithetha ngokungafihla komphefumlo, kusebenzela abanye. UGilgamesh uziva ekhululekile - wakwazi ukwenza into kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Wawuphulaphule icebiso loothixo awawunikwe yona engadini: umntu ufa ngokwemvelo, kwaye umntu makabukele ubomi bakhe obutshanje, abe novuyo kwizinto ezinikwe zona.

Uhlalutyo lwezinye iingxaki zefilosofi eziphakanyisiwe kwi-epic

Indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi kunye neqhawe kwimithombo yasendulo, njengombongo ngeGilgamesh, idlula kwiimvavanyo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye iguqulwa. Ukuba ekuqaleni ukumkani uvela emfanekisweni wenkwenkwe engenakunqulwa, inkwenkwe nenkohlakalo, emva kokufa kuka-Enkid sele sele ekwazi ukukhathazeka ngokusuka enhliziyweni kumhlobo.

Ngethuba lokuqala ukuqonda ukungabikho kobukho bobukho, ukuziva uloyiko lokufa komzimba, iqhawe lembongo lijikela koothixo ukuze bafunde iimfihlelo zobomi nokufa. Ukususela ngoku, uGilgamesh akakwazi ukulawula abantu bakhe, ufuna ukufunda ngemfihlelo yokufa. Umphefumlo wakhe uzayo ukuphelelwa lithemba: njani amandla angenakuphikiswa kunye namandla emzimbeni ka-Enkid? Lo mlilo womphefumlo uhola iqhawe elikude kwilizwe lakubo, linika amandla okulwa neengxaki ezingakaze zenzeke. Yile ndlela i-epic yeGilgamesh ithetha ngayo. Iingxaki zefilosofi zokuba kunye nokungabikho zikhanyiswa kwezi ndinyana. Ngokukodwa kwinqanaba elithetha ngeentyantyambo ezilahlekileyo, ekuthiwa zinika ukungafi. Le ntyatyambo ngokucacileyo iyisimboli sefilosofi.

Ukuchazwa ngokujulile kwesi sihloko kukuguqulwa komoya. Gilgamesh evela kumntu womhlaba uba ngumntu wezulu. Umfanekiso we-Enkidu unokutolika njengezilwanyana zezilwanyana zekosi ngokwakhe. Kwaye ukulwa nalo kuthetha ukulwa nawe. Ekugqibeleni, ukumkani wase-Uruk unqoba umgaqo wakhe ophantsi, ufumana ulwazi kunye neempawu zendalo yendalo ngokubini kwisithathu kwisithathu.

Ukuthelekisa i-epic malunga neGilgamesh kunye ne "Incwadi yabafileyo" ngamaYiputa

Ukukhankanya okucacileyo kufumaneka kwimbali yokuhamba kweGilgamesh ngamanzi abafileyo ngoncedo lweCron. I-Charon kwiindaba zamasiko zaseYiputa ziyindoda endala, ekhukhulayo ekhupha umntu oshonile kwilizwe elibhubhile kwelinye ilizwe kwaye lihlawulwa.

Kwakhona, ibali likaGilgamesh libhekisela kwihlabathi labafileyo ngokuvumelana neenkolelo zeAsiriya. Le yindawo yokuhlala engasebenziyo apho amanzi engapheliyo, akukho zityalo ezikhula. Kwaye abantu bahlawula zonke izenzo kuphela ngexesha lokuphila kwabo. Kwaye ubomi bakhe bufutshane kwaye buba nenjongo: "Oothixo abanelanga kuphela baya kuhlala ngonaphakade, kwaye umntu - iminyaka yakhe ibalwa ..."

Incwadi ethi "Incwadi Yabafileyo" yaseYiputa, i-papyrus, apho kubhalwe khona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Icandelo lesibini le ncwadi lizinikelelwe kwindlela imiphefumlo ewela ngayo emhlabeni. Kodwa ukuba u-Osiris wanquma ukuba umphefumlo wenza okulungileyo, wakhululwa waza wavunyelwa ukuba uyavuya.

Gilgamesh emva kokuxoxisana noothixo babuyisela kwilizwe lakhe. Uya kuhlambela, agqoke iimpahla ezicocekileyo, kwaye nangona elahlekelwa intyatyambo yobomi, e-Uruk yakhe yasekuhlaleni ivuselelwe, ingcwaliswe.

I-Epic ekuguquleleni kweDyakonov

IsiRashiya saseMpumalanga I.M. UDyakonov ngo-1961 waqala ukuguqulela i-epic. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, umguquleli wayethembele ekuguquleleni kakade kwe-V.K. Shileika. I-epic malunga neGilgamesh yaba yinto echanekileyo. Wasebenzisa izinto ezininzi zasendulo, kwaye ngeli xesha kwakuye kwaziwa kwihlabathi lenzululwazi ukuba umboniso weqhawe ukhona.

Le ngxelo ebhaliweyo kunye neembali - i-epic Gilgamesh. Ukuguqulelwa kukaDyakonov kuphinda kukhishwe ngo-1973 kwakhona kwakhona ngo-2006. Uguqulelo lwakhe luyikhono lobuchule be-philological, olwandiswa yixabiso lomlando wamandulo, isikhumbuzo somlando. Ngoko ke, bonke abo sele beyifunde kwaye bayayixabisa umxholo waseBabiloni, ingxelo yeGilgamesh, ukuhlolwa malunga nencwadi kuye kwashiya okuphawulekayo.