Ukufunda uluhlu Brodsky: ncomo

Uluhlu Brodsky - ntoni na? Oku nje uluhlu lweencwadi, wazalwa linenxeba lalo usiba imbongi kunye umbhali obalaseleyo. Le yindlela yakhe iincwadi zokufunda. It elungiselelwe umntu ophilayo kwi-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngapha koko, abantu bamele ukuba ufunde lukhulu iincwadi ezilungileyo ngaphambi kokuba abe yimbongi okanye umbhali. Brodsky ingqalelo ixabiso ngenxa aesthetes esizukulwaneni sakhe ukuba abantu zakhe "kuphela intuition," kwavula indlela nokudala uluntu elwayo, xa siseko, ka-bume yileyo.

Iosif Aleksandrovich - umntu emangalisayo. Ufana yedwa kwaye ngobomi bakhe. Ingaba na, kukhangeleka ngathi yinto ngendlela ekhethekileyo - ukuba yimbongi umbhali qamba kanyekanye uthi ezimbini esahlukileyo, i-USSR kunye USA, nokudlula imbongi ade ase ekupheleni, ukuze kungcwatywa e Venice, indawo awazalelwa kuyo Renaissance kunye nommandla X kwe-Emphaya yamaRoma !

Against Hope, ibhinqa owayemdala owakhe bazama ukuqikelela bayahlelwa Brodsky oselula: "Yena - nice ... encinane, kodwa Ndiyoyika ukuba uza kukuphelisa kakubi." Kwaye ngoko ke wayekunye Iosifom Aleksandrovichem: kwi-USSR, umile ukushicilela, waza waba eUnited States.

ukuqaphela Brodsky phesheya

Uluhlu Brodsky yaziwa ukuba yabhalwa nguye phakathi yoma zenkulungwane lokugqibela, ngexesha yokushiywa ngenkani eUnited States. Phezu kolwandle, wahlala ubume unjingalwazi the American zekholeji ezintlanu. I-asayinimenti ingangumsebenzi wesakhono izibizo academic lomntu ozibandakanye kwimfundo-self ukuya kwiminyaka eli-15, waye umzekelo ingqalelo wayekrelekrele ezinamandla.

Kwi-US, gqolo Professor wahlala kwizixeko ezithathu: kuqala e Ann Arbor, ngoko New York yaye ekugqibeleni - eMzantsi Hadley.

Isibaluli ngokukhethwa kweencwadi kuluhlu Brodsky

Utitshala akanyanzelekanga nje wafuna ukuba abafundi yayo ibe ngabantu eyazi ncwadi. Wazama ukutshintsha isimo sabo ulwimi.

Loqalo lwencopho waba i Mkhombandlela ukuba abalandeli (uluhlu Brodsky) na isicatshulwa umbongo yi-waseBritani William Auden kaThixo "Xa Inkumbulo nakwimiVo B. Yeytsa", nto leyo ithi kuphela ingqiqo eziphuhlileyo ngendlela ulwimi "ukuntywilisela", "sivuselelane" ndoda ubuciko enkondlo.

Ndiwufeze eli nyathelo ngokomoya, hayi ukukhuthaza umnqweno ye-imfundo self, akunakwenzeka. unjingalwazi Melika abafundi imvelaphi eSoviet wayithengayo uzuko ome. Waye ngumfundisi unique, ufuna abafundi zobuchule ufunda ezininzi iziqwenga, ngamnye kwaba bantu abatsha kufuneka aqonde ubuhle yombhali. Ukuvavanya oonjingalwazi isixhobo zokufundisa olumkileyo kufuneka ibe ukusuka kwindawo umbono isazi, ngokwembono wembongi-mkhuba.

Bonse lolwimi njengoko Alfa no-Omega sokuba imbongi

Ngubani ngamava okukhulu kwimibongo elide ukuba bayayazi inkcubeko yehlabathi, ayinyaniso ngayo iosif Aleksandrovich wayesithi ukuba ukuyilwa imbongi aluphumi "lunxano amathuba" kwaye hayi ukuqonda okucacileyo imithetho sendalo lwemibongo. Eyona iphambili umntu onjalo, ngokutsho Brodsky, i "ingqiqo ngolwimi." Nje Ngaphandle kwakhe, imibongo ufile.

Athetha Russian abasebenzisi Internet ngamanye amaxesha ukuchaza Abuza ukuba kuvela ngenxa yokungabikho kuluhlu imisebenzi wembongi Pushkin, Lermontov, Ekwazi ke oko njengoko abanye uhlobo insinuations zezopolitiko. Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, oku akulindelekanga kubo ukuze inxaxheba.

Eneneni, uluhlu lwe Brodsky wabhala utitshala American kubafundi bakhe. Kwaye abanye abafundi aba bazalelwe abathetha IsiNgesi. Ngoko ke, olu luhlu ebesiqulunqwe yi imbongi, ababhali thaca, bayavumelana ukuba amaxabiso Western. Ekugqibeleni, ukuze ityala nathi: iimbongi, "abo bahamba zihlangu buthelezi libe sisitshetshe" yaye "nangokukrola egazini imiphefumlo ephilileyo," kufuneka weva ekhaya, waqonda, yakuqonda ukuba abantu bayo. Ke wayeza Brodsky wabanjwa kwaye elubhacweni, aze yena ndinibhalele uluhlu lwabafundi Russian elithetha. Kwaye kule yokugqibela ange lube Pushkin, Lermontov, kunye nabanye abaninzi ...

Brodsky kunye ekuqaleni umsebenzi zemibongo

Iosif Aleksandrovich akazange enze efihlakeleyo phantsi ukutshixa ukuhlolwa indlela yabo ibe imibongo. Waxelela abafundi ukuba kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, eli-15 ubudala, wabhala izibongo manqaphanqapha nemiyalezo. Ngenye imini, xa wayeneminyaka eli-16, Wacela kwi hambo zejoloji. Ndandishumayela kufuphi nomda Chinese, kwisithili ngasentla. Amur.

I uhambo, yena efunda umthamo izibongo Baratynsky, imbongi yenkulungwane XIX (yamalena Pushkin). Yeyona kwisihobe UYevgeny Abramovich e impembelelo yazo Brodsky enikwe kwakhe "ingqiqo ngolwimi." Yokuvelayo bobuchule Baratynsky yamnyanzela ukuba ukuphuhlisa, wakhokela imbongi ukubhala umbongo elungileyo ngokwenene.

Kamva umbhali oselula Petersburg kaThixo bayibona iincam ezininzi umlingane wakhe sematriki, imbongi evgeniya Reyna, ngubani de ukufa kwakhe sithathwa njengomnye ezona eRashiya.

Ngendlela, xa karhi yakhe yokuqala ndithunywe iosif Aleksandrovich kuba into enkulu yokwenza lweenkonzo ezizodwa (basoloko wakhangela ekukruqulayo Ahmatovoy, kunye nabo ke imbongi yadibana).

Utitshala kakhulu yoqobo kunye uluhlu lwakhe

umfundi wakhe, ucinge ngephonografi Birkerts, owaba edumileyo umgxeki ezoncwadi, uthi afunda nabo Brodsky wakhumbula njengoko zombini utitshala okubi, kwelinye icala, ukuba akuyo kakhulu yaye - phezu kwezinye.

Kutheni ezimbi (engaqhelekanga ukuva ukuba ilizwi kwimeko igama imbongi odumileyo)? Sven ngocoselelo uphendula lo mbuzo. Isibakala sokuba uJoseph A. ngokupheleleyo wenza into ukuze bakhuthaze isambuku umzimba umfundi uncwadi.

Yena waba individualist, kunye noluhlu Brodsky wacebisa nophuhliso lwakhe buqu yonke ephumelela. Kodwa abo bafundi nangoku usamkhathazelani ukufunda le ncwadi, wabonisa oko kusoloko bathembele iingcebiso, ukuthetha iNkosi. Ngokutsho memoirs ababephila, ilizwi Brodsky yaba mibala elizele ngokungaqhelekanga. Wathetha kancinane empumlweni, walixela kusoloko umdla. Abahlobo Waqhula kuthiwa "umntu-ngobhedu band." Kuye

Imizuzu intetho yakhe phandle kunye nabafundi ixabiso wayengekho.

Zokufundisa Joseph Alexandrovich, ngokutsho bucala iinkumbulo ze ucinge ngephonografi Birkerts, onale. Mfundisi lafuna efundisa uncwadi, wazama ukuba badlulisele sengqondo.

Inkohliso of emanzini kwiincwadi

Nguye ekuqaleni kwisibini gqaba thaca enye imisebenzi ezibalaseleyo, leyo yazaliswa isoyikisa abanye abafundi uluhlu ndini Brodsky. Kwaye ngoko ke bambuza ngayo iimvakalelo ezibangelwa Akhmatova umbongo okanye Montale ukuzoba abafundi enkundleni, bevakalisa nje yayingeyiyo Sergeya Dyagileva ikhowuti: ". Ndothuka" Akuzange kube lula inkwenkwe American okanye intombazana echaza, umzekelo, ukuba ilawulwa ngempumelelo zichaza Akhmatova ndawo umlilo okanye adize imifanekiso "Iliad."

Asingabo bonke yayiya iphezulu indumiso Brodsky. Igama Sinye "emangalisayo" Amaninzi, umfundi umlinganiselo banal uyihlubile ukungaqondi kwakhe. Brodsky ngeli xesha acudisiweyo kwi esandleni umdiza mbane ...

Kodwa emva konke oku yaba isabelo elininzi ezihlekisayo. Emva kokuphulaphula kwinzame zomfundi, iosif Aleksandrovich wavelisa umoya yakhe edumileyo nzulu, likhangela indawo yonke iklasi waza waqalisa ukuthetha. Wabuza imibuzo wabaphendula yena. Wabakhapha abalandeli zawo kwintshinyela izandi kunye nemibutho bayizalisa ngobungqola ukuqonda bakhe abaphulaphuli kwamandla ngendlela eyothusayo ulwimi. Ucinge ngephonografi Birkerts kunye nabafundi abafana naye, waya kwintlanganiso ingqondo imikhosi ezingabonakaliyo olephuzayo ngeenxa zonke kubo, kodwa engafunwanga ebomini eziqhelekileyo.

US Nezabantu uluhlu malunga noku

uluhlu Ukufunda Brodsky wabonakala inyathelo ezintsha ekubunjweni abatsha eMerika. Bona baqeqeshwe kuqala ngu Dzhona Dyui, ukuba banazo izakhono zokucinga ozimeleyo, ukukwazi ukuba sivandlakanye nzulu izenzakalo zentlalo. Kodwa iosif Aleksandrovich Akazange amqonde le nkqubo. Kwiklasi yokuqala wabanika abafundi bakhe uluhlu onomtsalane amarhamente ngokufutshane ukwazisa ukuba kwiminyaka emibini ezayo ebomini babo kufuneka lunikezelwe kule ncwadi.

Eneneni, eqalela uluhlu ebalaseleyo iitekisi eziphefumlelweyo Brodsky ukufunda iphela imisebenzi zobugcisa-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

Ngokucacileyo, le luhlu kungongezwa kubafundi namhlanje. Phakathi ulwandle iincwadi, ukubonakala qho ngonyaka kwaye emininzi ezishelfini, kufuneka ukhethe incwadi, ukuba ixabiso ngokwenene yokuluka. Khumbula ukuba iikhrayitheriya ezingundoqo oku kufuneka ube nemvo ulwimi, ngobuchule zachazwa yi Brodsky.

Iziqulatho uluhlu Brodsky. "Bhavati Gita", "Mahabharata"

uluhlu Iosifa Brodskogo iqala "bhavati-gita" (uthixo ingoma). Ixabiso lo msebenzi ilele ingqwalasela yalo kuphuhliso lwabantu ngokomoya. Kuyanceda ukuba ukusombulula lo mbuzo zaseprayimari: "? Ndingubani na mna", igalelo kufezekiso imeko lwangaphakathi oluyimfuneko ukuphumeza izinto zokomoya. I 'bhavati Gita "kuquka ukuba ukusuka kubomi bemihla ngemihla ukuya ubomi ngokomoya, kwaye kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenyani.

Umsebenzi wesibini elibhekisela uluhlu ukufunda kubalulekile Brodsky, nguye "Mahabharata". It idlulisela amaqhawe, ebonisa iingxaki umongo bentlalo umntu, umlinganiselo wayo inkululeko kunye lenjongo (nxi). Mahabharata, kwelinye icala, wamkela nokungazingci, kunye nenye - usola kukulahlwa epheleleyo kweenzuzo eziluhlobo lobuqu.

iTestamente endala

Iosif Aleksandrovich kwindawo yesithathu phakathi iincwadi phezulu, evula uluhlu odumileyo Brodsky ukhankanya iZibhalo lwamaKristu namaYuda - yiTestamente Endala. Njengoko usazi, oko ekuqaleni kubhaliwe ngesiHebhere. Central inxalenye zefilosofi kunye ezizinzululwazi ngayo lo umnqophiso yaseSinayi - izinyanzelo ebekwe nguThixo uhlanga lakwaSirayeli, ezaba sisiseko iTorah (uMthetho ekubulaweni).

Kukho uluhlu imbongi ezaziwayo-kakuhle uze uhle kuthi kunazo yokuqala yehlabathi - incwadi malunga ligorha ehlabathini liphela amandulo, wamazwe, impumelelo kunye nokumkani akuyo Gilmageshe.

ncwadi yamandulo

Uluhlu Brodsky - uluhlu voluminous yeencwadi na zihlelwe. Le mbongi na umntu wokuqala lowo walungisa ludwe. uluhlu eyaziwayo Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo elungeleleneyo ngakumbi kwi maxesha zempembelelo kwi indlela yokufunda. Uluhlu njengoko uYosefu Alexandrovich ijolise inkxaso kubo "incoko ezisisiseko."

Nje ngaphaya imisebenzi yokomoya, ngokutsho ingqiqo Brodsky, kufuneka zingqonge block uncwadi wamandulo: Sophocles, kaHomer, yekaHerodotus, Horace, Mark Avrely, Aristophanes ... Olu luhlu ayiphelelanga, iye amagama angama-20. Brodsky ngokwakhe kudliwano-ndlebe ochazwe ukuzinikela kwakhe kwiincwadi yamandulo yehlabathi uphuhliso 'azive ixesha. " Ngoko ke wabiza ukuqonda yakhe yohlobo ixesha kunye nefuthe layo abantu.

Kutheni ukuze ingqalelo kakhulu ihlawulwe isiGrike kunye noncwadi Roman iosif Aleksandrovich? Kuyinto ezisitheleyo kwizangqa boncwadi wabizwa ngokuba ingumRoma. Ngoko bayakuthanda imaski baba nengcinga nokukhulula zoncwadi. Bebangisana ngawo eSoviet Union, yena euphemistically wayibiza ngokuba "Rome".

ingqiqo enzulu kakuhle ubukhosi (unqulo ukunqulwa kuKesare, amandla olungumbandezeli) edibene kuye, uzichaza nembongi behlazekile kunye agxothelwa uOvid.

Yenze ongazanga ngabasemagunyeni yiSoviet (Roman), njengoko zizifundiswa, ukuba ukubeka up ngokunqongophala inkululeko.

uluhlu Brodsky iqulethe vosled iincwadi antique iibhloko eziliqela ezilandelelanayo. Okulandelayo - kwiincwadi Renaissance. Thaca le ncwadi Fransua Rable and wabe Alighieri, a knight uthando kaPlato.

imibongo Western kanye Russian

Ibhloko elandelayo kuluhlu lo uncwadi West yaseYurophu le yoohlohlesakhe ukusekwa kwezentlalo kunye Russian kwisihobe iSilver Age. Ababhali Abanyulwa bakhe incasa, ngokutsho italente yabo kunye nokubaluleka nokubhala:

• Russian Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak, Osip Hope, uNikolay Zabolotsky, Vladislav Khodasevich;
• British ne American Thomas Hardy, Tomas Eliot, Robert Frost, Marianna waphi, Uisten Oden, Elizabeth Bishop;
• German: uRainer Rilke, Ingeborg Bachmann, Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn;
• Spanish: Federico Garcia Lorca, Antonio Machado, URafael Alberti, Juan uRamon Himenos;
• Polish: UZbigniew Herbert, Czeslaw Milosz, Leopold abaSebenzi, Wislawa Szymborska;
• French: Zhyul Syupervel, Blez Sandrar, Giyom Apolliner, maks Zhakob, Anri inna;
• Greek: by Seferis, uKonstantin Kavafis, Yannis Ritsos;
• Swedish: uHarry Martinson, Gunnar Ekellef.

isiphelo

Kude kube ngoku, livakale ebangela uluhlu lwe Brodsky. Izimvo sale ncwadi abathanda avumelana ukuba eli luhlu ngokuqinisekileyo ifanelwe ingqalelo, ngokusekelwe ubungqondi Brodsky.

Yaye kuvela iimbambano. abafundi ngabanye umngeni nokwenzeka ufunda uluhlu elikhulu iincwadi yamandulo. Abanye baphendula ukuba ixabiso uncwadi wamandulo ibhityile (ngoku ngoko musa ukubhala) lokufundiswa kwabantu.

abafundi abaninzi amazwana esesikweni. Umntu uthi noshowo "bhavati Gita" yinxalenye "yeMahabharata". Lowo uthandabuzayo xa sokunyaniseka uluhlu, echaza isikhundla sakhe bubukho kuyo yonke imisebenzi UNikolai Klyuev, abantu anti-Semitic kunye propartiynoy yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo.

Ngamafuphi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula into eziphambili: i incwadi kuluhlu lwe Brodsky waba onyathela-amatye ubuchule bakaYosefu Alexandrovich. Le yindlela yabo kuqatshelwe ubuhle kwimibongo Brodsky inikeza abafundi bayo kuluhlu.

Kuba ngaye na inzuzo ngayo? Asingabo bonke abantu babe zemfundo ezizodwa philological noncwadi. Kodwa abanye kubo efihliweyo italente zemibongo okanye prosaic. Indlela kumvusa? Impendulo izicacele iza ukufunda iincwadi ezininzi ezilungileyo. Kwaye lo mbono uluhlu olupheleleyo Brodsky - hayi ukhetho embi ukuqala.