Endotoxin - a ... Exotoxins kunye endotoxins

Kwenye yezikumkani uhlobo luquka eyodwa enye-, iintsholongwane yodwa kweli Sebe. Uninzi kweentlobo ukuvelisa iikhemikali ezikhethekileyo - exotoxins kunye endotoxins. ngezigaba zabo, iimpawu kunye nempembelelo emzimbeni womntu ziya kuvavanywa kweli nqaku.

Yintoni ityhefu

Substances (ikakhulu protein uhlobo okanye lipopolysaccharide), secreted iseli iintsholongwane kwi kulwelo extracellular emva kokufa kwakhe - yinto endotoxin yebhaktiriya. Ukuba eziphilayo live prokaryotic uvelisa into zinetyhefu umkhosi iseli, xa eziphilayo, ezo zinto zibizwa ngokuba exotoxins. Bathi nefuthe esiphanzisayo izihlunu zabantu kunye namaziko, eyile: okunqanda inkqubo enzyme kwi kwinqanaba zeselula, kuphazamise ukutya. Endotoxin - iyityhefu, enika impembelelo eyonakalisayo kwiiseli eziphilayo, kwaye ingqalelo bayo lincinane kakhulu. Xa eziphilayo eyaziwayo 60 iikhompawundi abelwe iiseli bacteria. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Lipopolysaccharide uhlobo iityhefu bacteria

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba endotoxin - yimveliso cleavage le inwebu engaphandle iintsholongwane gram-negative. It imbaxa kuqulethe carbohydrate ezimbaxa kunye lipid ukuba zisebenzisana uhlobo oluthile receptor kwiseli. Le uxhulumaniso iqulathe ezintathu: A lipid, iantigens kunye molecule oligosaccharide. Kuyinto icandelo lokuqala, eba kumlanjana igazi, ibangela isiphumo kakhulu umonakalo, kulandele zonke iimpawu ityiwe Inzima nesenzeko dyspeptic, nokushisa, izitshanguba kwinkqubo luvo. Usulelo endotoxin igazi kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ukuze umzimba iphuhlisa umothuko yokubolisa.

Enye isakhi bobabo endotoxin - yinto oligosaccharide eliquka heptose - C ₇ H ₁₄ O _7. Inkqubo egazini, lo disaccharide engundoqo inokubangela ukunxila, kodwa zamva kwimeko zoqhagamshelwano kunye lipid igazi A.

Ifuthe sesichengeni endotoxins emzimbeni womntu

Iziphumo uqhelekileyo isenzo ityhefu iintsholongwane kwi iiseli syndrome trombogemorragichesky nokothuka yokubolisa. Uhlobo lokuqala ngezifo kuvela angangeni izinto igazi - ubuthi ukunciphisa coagulation yayo. Oku kukhokelela umonakalo omzimba ezininzi, eziquka kwizicwili - parenchyma, ezifana lung, isibindi, kunye nezintso. parenchyma yabo kwenzeka ukopha ezininzi, yaye kwiimeko ezinzima - ukopha. Olunye uhlobo lwesifo kwenzeka ngenxa yesenzo ityhefu iintsholongwane - na umothuko yokubolisa. Oku kukhokelela sanctions igazi nkovu lokuhamba, iziphumo ezo Kukwaphula yokuthwala ioksijini kunye nezakhi amalungu omzimba abalulekileyo nezihlunu: ingqondo, imiphunga, nezintso, nomhlehlo wesibindi.

Umntu bebutha kabukhali bephethwe ezisongela ubomi ezifana nokwehla ngokukhawuleza uxinzelelo lwegazi, komzimba kunye nokuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza insufficiency oyingozi sentliziyo. yezonyango yokungenelela angxamisekileyo (ubambe hormone kunye nonyango zintsholongwane) ofihla ukusebenza endotoxin yaye ngokukhawuleza kuyisusa emzimbeni.

exotoxins Otherness

Ngaphambi sifumanisa ezi nkcukacha kule hlobo iityhefu yintsholongwane, sikhumbula ukuba endotoxin - le yenye ngamalungu lysate yeseli eludongeni iintsholongwane gram-ezimbi bafile. Exotoxins kuhlelwe ngokuphila iiseli prokaryotic: zombini gram-HIV kunye gram-negative. Xa malunga nesakhiwo weekhemikhali, ukuba iiproteni ezincinane kakhulu ubunzima eziphilayo. Omunye ongathi wabonakala yezonyango ezinkulu ezenzeka ngexesha izifo ezosulelayo yabangela exotoxins kanye lethality leyo akhiwa ngenxa nethe iintsholongwane ezininzi.

izifundo ekuzakuqalwa esebenzisekayo eliphezulu virulence yale hlobo ityhefu yintsholongwane, xa kuthelekiswa endotoxin. -Arhente causative of uminxano, unkonkonko, ukubola komqala ukuvelisa izinto eziyityhefu weeproteni indalo. Bona ukubonisa thermolability kwaye kutshatyalaliswa zokufudumeza kuluhlu ukususela degrees 70 ukuya 95 Celsius kangangemizuzu 12-25.

iintlobo exotoxins

Ukuhlelwa uhlobo ityhefu iintsholongwane eyakhelwe kumgaqo ifuthe lazo isakhiwo cell. Umzekelo, bahlule membranotoksiny, ukuba ukuphazamisa host iseli imifinya okanye bahlukumeze kwe- nezithuthi esebenzayo ion edlula bilayer ndizayo. Kukwakho ke cytotoxins. Le tyhefu ukwenza kwiiseli hyaloplasm kwaye ukuphazamisa indlela nokwenziwa kunye dissimilation esivulekayo ukutya zeselula. Ezinye iikhompawundi - iityhefu "umsebenzi" njengoko enzyme, umz, hyaluronidase (neuraminidase). Bona gqiba amajoni omzimba yomntu, oko kukuthi inactivated ekuvelisweni lymphocyte, monocytes kunye macrophage kwiindawo nkovu. Ekubeni protease lutshabalalisa izilwa-buhlungu zokuzikhusela, yaye Lecithinase lusicande lecithin, inxalenye luvo. Oku kukhokelela ekuphazanyisweni kwenkqubo bioimpulsov, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukuba kukho ukuhla kwi innervation amalungu kunye namalaphu.

Cytotoxins abe iisepha, ngaloo ndlela kukho ukutshatyalaliswa ukuthembakala lipid maleko inwebu yomkhosi cell. Ngaphezu koko, baye bakwazi ukuba ndiludilize, njengoko iiseli ngamnye emzimbeni kunye namaqabane awo - zomzimba ebangela ukuyilwa amine biogenic, zeziphi iimveliso yokusabela pathways kwaye bembonisa iipropati ityhefu.

Indlela yesenzo ityhefu bacteria

izifundo ekuzakuqalwa ziye zasekwa ukuba endotoxin - isakhiwo esimbaxa eziquka iziko ezimbini eziphilayo. Imvelaphi into ityhefu incamathela receptor kwiseli ethile, kwaye lwahlukane inwebu yesibini akungeni ngqo kwi iiseli hyaloplasm. It iibhloko yoluvo abasabela pathways: Iprothini biosynthesis ukuthatha indawo ribosomes, kuyondelelaniswe ATP oluqhutywa yi mitochondria, phindana asidi acid. Le virulence eliphezulu peptides yintsholongwane, ngokwembono ngesakhiwo eekhemikhali molecule awo, ngenxa yokuba ezinye ngeso yoluvo wazenza mntu ulwakhiwo lwendawo kwezinto esiseleni, ezifana neurotransmitters, iihomoni kunye nee-enzayim. Oku kuvumela yoluvo 'ukuze kuthintelwe inkqubo wokhuselo eyiselula "yaye ngokukhawuleza ukungena ibe kukho icytoplasm yayo. Ngenxa yoko, iseli na imipu phambi igciwane, ekubeni ukukwazi ukwenza uphelelwa izinto zayo zokhuselo: interferon, wesigrike-globulin, izilwa-buhlungu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iimpawu endotoxins kunye exotoxins ziyafana ukuba zombini iindidi ityhefu iintsholongwane enze iiseli ezithile emzimbeni, oko kukuthi, abe Okukodwa eliphezulu.