Ubume ngumongo atom: imbali kunye neNgcaciso mihla

Ubume nuclei atom yenye yeengxaki ezibalulekileyo bezenzululwazi. Ngokuqhubekayo ezenziwa kule izazinzulu imifuniselo endle yenziwe nje kuphela iqondo eliphezulu ukuchana ukuba yintoni eyenza atom, kodwa usebenzise ngokubonakalayo olu lwazi imizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo nokudala imifuziselo ezintsha kwezixhobo.

Lo mbuzo isakhiwo zonke izinto kwi-langa izazinzulu abanomdla ukusuka kudaladala. Umzekelo, eGrisi yamandulo Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba isakhiwo lwalo mba yaye ayahlukahlukenanga, kwaye iqela inyanzelise ukuba lo mba liyohluleka kwaye yabhalwa amasuntswana amancinane - atom, kwaye ke ngoko iimpawu kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo yahluke gqitha ukusuka komnye.

Impumelelo ekufundeni lwesakhiwo lwalusanda kwenzeka ngenkulungwane XVIII, xa imisebenzi MV University, Lavoisier, D. wayeseDalton, A. Avogadro neziseko babekwa theory atom eziphilayo, njengako kuyo yonke ngokwemvelo iqulathe molekyuli, kunye nabo ke, amasuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga - atom, ogama intsebenziswano kunye nabanye kwaye igqiba iimpawu ezingundoqo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo.

A nqanaba entsha ekufundeni ubume molecule athom kufika ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, xa E. Rutherford kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezininzi ziye bebone leyo ekhokelele isakhiwo atom yaye kwasekwa atom livela ukukhanya entsha ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba atom asiyiyo yamasuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga, phezu koko, le nto ndiyibhalayo amacandelo kakhulu - core kunye elektroni, leyo ukuhamba ngeenxa kwindawo yazo kwalula. Iyonke ingaphezulu cala kwakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba elektroni ukuba isimangalo elibi, izinto kufuneka kulungelelaniswe kwentlawulo ezintle. Kwathi kanti kamva, izinto ezinjalo azikho: zibizwa ɑ-amasuntswana, okanye protons.

ulwazi lwenzululwazi Modern zibonisa ukuba isakhiwo ngumongo atom inzima kakhulu ngaphezu kwabonakala imihla elikhulu elinamanci kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngoko ke, namhlanje kwakusazeka ukuba isiqalo i-atom iquka protons nje kuphela, kodwa amasuntswana abanayo isimangalo - neutron. Ndawonye, protons kunye neutron zibizwa ngokuba nucleons. Ekubeni ubunzima neutron % 0,14 kuphela ngaphezu ubunzima Proton, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo kubalwe le mahluko kuye kungasiwaso.

Imilinganiselo ngumongo ziphakathi 10-12 kunye 10-13 cm. Ngoko ke, nangona oko buzinze core abangaphezu kwe-95% weight atomic ubukhulu atom ikhulu lamawaka amaxesha ubungakanani ngumongo.

mpawu ziphambili ubuninzi eziziimpawu isakhiwo isiqalo atom nga kukhutshwa etafileni di lwezakhi Mendeleev. Njengoko yaziwa, inani protons kwi ngumongo lilingana isixa elektroni Bajikeleza elungelelene linani lweziqalelo kule theyibhile. Ukuze ukwazi inani neutron kuyimfuneko kuba sobunzima element ukuthabatha inani kunye elirhangqiweyo kwinani elikufutshane elipheleleyo. Izinto eziye inani elifanayo protons kunye nenani neutron zahlukile kuthiwa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo.

Enye mibuzo ibalulekileyo ebuzwa zizazinzulu ngokufunda isakhiwo ngumongo, kwakukho umbuzo malunga zamandla ukubamba protons, ngenxa yokuba, ukuba intlawulo efanayo, kufuneka aqale. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba umgama phakathi protons kwi ngumongo incinane kangangokuba nje asivelanga isizathu phakathi kwabo. Ngaphezu koko, bions ezo zilahlwa intsebenziswano enkulu phakathi protons nokukhuthaza umtsalane ezidlulileyo kwenye rhoqo.

Ubume ngumongo atom lisekhona uyayigubungela iimfihlelo ezininzi. They are iqhosha kuphela ukunceda uluntu siqonde bhetele isixhobo kwehlabathi, kodwa ukwenza uvale qualitative kwinzululwazi neteknoloji.