UAndrei Rublev: Iimpawu kunye nemibala

ERashiya nangaphaya kwemida yayo, eli gama liyaziwa kakhulu - u-Andrei Rublev. Iimpawu kunye ne-frescos, ezidalwe yinkosi malunga neekhilomitha ezithandathu ezedlulileyo, ziyizinto ezibonakalayo zobugcisa baseRussia kwaye zivuyisa iimvakalelo ze-esthétique zabantu.

Ulwazi lo kuqala

Uphi na nini na u-Andrey Rublev azalelwa. Kukho iziphakamiso ezenzeke malunga ne-1360-70, kwimpumelelo yaseMoscow, okanye kwiVeliky Novgorod. Ulwazi malunga nexesha inkosi eyayiqala ukupenda ubuso beZiNgcwele iqulethwe kumaxwebhu amandulo. Kuvela "kwiZiqu zemizi-zintathu" efumaneka eMoscow, kuyaziwa ukuba, njengomnyama (umonki), uRublev wambesa uFeofan umGrike kunye neProkhor Gorodetsky kunye necawa yendlu kaPrince Vladimir Dmitrievich, unyana kaDmitry Donskoy.

I-iconostasis ye-cathedral yaseVladimir

Iminyaka embalwa kamva, i-consonant ye "Trinity Chronicle" efanayo, ngokubambisana nomdwebi wodumo owaziwayo uDaniel Cherniy ubuyisele iClarral Vladimir Assumption emva kokuhlasela kweMongol-Tatars, no-Andrei Rublev. Iimpawu, ezakha iqela elilodwa kunye neefrescoes, zasinda nanamhla. Enyanisweni, ngexesha elimangalisayo likaCatherine II, i-iconostasis yakudala yaba yinto engahambelaniyo kunye nefashini yangoku, kwaye yafuduswa esuka kwikedareli yaya kwidolophana yaseVasilyevsky (ngoku - kwingingqi ye-Ivanovo). Ngekhulu lama-20, ezi zixhobo zabuyiselwa, ezinye zazo zangena kwiqoqo leMyuziyam yaseRashiya yaseRussia eSt. Petersburg, enye inxalenye ibekwe kwiGalati yaseTransakoakov yaseMoscow.

Deesis

Inxalenye ephambili yeVladimir iconostasis, equkethe iimpawu ezibhalwa nguAndrei Rublev, uhlala nguDesis ("umthandazo" ngesiGrike). Ingcamango yakhe eyintloko ngumgwebo kaThixo, ehlabathini le-Orthodox elibizwa ngokuba yi-Terrible. Ngokuchanekileyo, yiyona ngcamango yokuncengela okukhulu kwabangcwele phambi kukaKristu kulo lonke uluntu. Umfanekiso ugcwele umoya ophezulu wothando nothando, ubuhle kunye nobuhle bokuziphatha. Ephakathi kwithetrone nguYesu eneVangeli evulekile ezandleni zakhe. Lo mfanekiso ubhalwe kwidayimani ebomvu, lo mbala ufuzisela ubukhosi kunye nexesha elifanayo. I-rhombus ifakwa kwi-oval eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, efaka umanyano womntu kunye noThixo. Olu lwakhiwo luloluhlu olubomvu, nganye kwikona ekhunjulwa ngabaVangeli abane-uMathewu, uMark, uLuka noYohane. Imibala ebomvu idibanisene kunye nemigca emide.

Izixhobo emfanekisweni wobuso beZiNgcwele

Yintoni na u-Andrei Rublev azisa ngayo kumfanekiso woMsindisi? Iimpawu kunye nomfanekiso weNkosi zazikho kwizithethe zaseByzantine, kodwa ukudibanisa ngokumangalisayo kwintlonelo enkulu kunye nobubele obuqhelekileyo kunye novelwano kwenza ukuba indalo yenkosi ingaphephekanga kwaye iyingqayizivele. Ngomfanekiso kaRublevsky Kristu, iingcamango zabantu baseRussia ngokubhekiselele kubulungisa zibonakala ngokucacileyo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwethemba lobulungisa - kanye kanye nokulungileyo-buzele ubuso babangcwele bathandaza phambi kukaYesu. Umfanekiso weTheotokos ugcwele ukucela kunye nosizi, kwaye ngomfanekiso we-Forerunner, intlungu engaqondakaliyo ifunwa ngabantu bonke abaphosakeleyo. Abapostile uJohn Chrysostom noGregory Omkhulu, uAndreya obizwa ngokuba ngu-First-Called noJohn umvangeli we-Evangelist wathandaza kuMsindisi ngaphandle kokungabaza. Njengeengelosi ezikhonzayo, iingelosi zithunywa zezulu uGabriyeli noMichael ziboniswa apha, imifanekiso yabo igcwele ubuhle obuhle basezulwini, bethetha ngehlabathi elonwabileyo lasezulwini.

"Msindisi" noAndrei Rublev

Phakathi kweempawu zeefayile zekosikazi zikhona izinto ezinobuninzi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-icon yoMsindisi.

U-Andrei Rublev wayenomfanekiso kaYesu Kristu, kwaye ngokwenene imisebenzi yomculi omkhulu wenza imisebenzi enjengokuthi "uMsindisi uSomandla", "uMsindisi Ongenziwanga Ngezandla," "uMsindisi we-Golden Vlasas", "uMsindisi eMandleni." Ukugxininisa ukunyaniseka okomoya okungavamile kweNkosi, uRublev wayeqikelele iqela eliphambili lelizwe laseRashiya elifanelekileyo. Akunjalo ngethuba lokuba umbala we-gamut ukhanyisa ngokukhanya okufudumele. Oku kwachasene nesiko saseByzantine, apho ubuso boMsindisi babuyotywe ngokubetha okungafaniyo, ukuchasanisa imibala eluhlaza kunye nombala obomvu ngemvelaphi kunye nemigca ephawulekayo yobuso.

Ukuba siqhathanisa nobuso bukaKristu, owenziwe ngumphathi waseByzantine uTheophanes ongumGrike, owayengumfundisi othile, u-Rublev, kunye nemifanekiso ebhaliweyo ngumfundi, siya kubona ukuhluka okucacileyo ngendlela. URublev ubeka imibala ngokukhawuleza, ukhetha ukuhlukana okulula okukhanya kwisithunzi. Uluhlu oluphantsi lwepeyinti lukhanyisa ngokugqithiseleyo phezulu, njengokungathi ukusuka ngaphakathi komlambo ukukhanya okuvulekileyo kokukhanya. Yingakho i-iconography yakhe ngokuzithemba ingabizwa ngokuthi yi-luminiferous.

"Ubuthathu Emnye"

Okanye njengoko kuthiwa, uphawu lwe "UZiqu-zintathu Oyingcwele" nguAndrei Rublev lulunye lwezinto ezidalwa ngokutsha kweRashiya. I sekelwe kwibali elibhaliweyo elibhekiselele kwiBhayibhile malunga nendlela u-Abraham olungileyo awaye tyelelwa ngayo uThixo oThathu ngo-3.

Ukudalwa kwe icon "UZiqu zintathu" nguAndrei Rublev ubuyela kwimbali yomzobo weCathedral Trinity. Yayibeka ngasekunene kweeRoyal Gates kwizantsi, njengoko kwakufuneka, umgca we-iconostasis.

Imfihlelo yoBathathu Emnye

Ukubunjwa kwe-icon kwakhiwe ngendlela enokuba izibalo zeengelosi zenza isangqa sofuziselo - uphawu lokuphakade. Bahlala bejikeleze itafile ngesitya, apho kukho intloko yenkomo yedini - uphawu lokuhlengwa. Iingelosi eziphambili nezisekhohlo zisikelela indebe.

Emva kwezithunywa zezulu sibona indlu ka-Abraham, i-oki apho ayifumana khona abaTyeleli bakhe, kunye nentaba yaseMoriya, apho uAbraham wenyuka khona, ukuba anikele ngonyana kaIsake. Emva koko, ngexesha likaSolomon, kwakhiwa ithempeli lokuqala.

Kukholelwa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba isalathisi sezulu esiphakathi sichaza uYesu Kristu, isandla sakhe sokunene neminwe ehlanjwe ifanekisela ukuthobela okungenamthetho ukuthanda kukaYise. Ingelosi ngakwesobunxele ngumfanekiso kaBawo uyambusisa indebe, leyo uNyana ayenayo ukuyisela ekuhlawuleleni izono zabantu bonke. Ingelosi efanelekileyo ibonisa uMoya oyingcwele, ngokusibekela ukuvuma kukaYise noNyana kunye nokuMthuthuzela Lowo oza kuzidla ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko uZiqu-zintathu zoBungcwele babonwa nguAndrei Rublev. Iimpawu zayo ngokubanzi zihlala zizele izandi eziphakamileyo, kodwa kulo mnye kukhulu kakhulu.

Kukho ke ke, abaphandi abachazela ngokucacileyo ukusabalalisa okunokwakheka kobuso boButhathu Emnye. Bathi uThixo uBawo uhleli phakathi , ngasemva apho kuboniswa uMthi woBomi - uphawu lohlobo kunye nokugqiba. Sifunda ngale mithi kumaphepha okuqala eBhayibhileni (ikhula kumyezo wase-Eden) kunye namaphepha ayo okugqibela, xa sibona eYerusalem entsha. Isithunywa sekhohlo sisekho kwimvelaphi yesakhiwo, esichaza indlu yokwakha kaKristu-iSikolo sayo yonke. Iingelosi ezilungileyo esizibonileyo ngokubhekiselele ngasemva kweentaba: kwakuseMntabeni oyiNgcwele oyihla phezu kwabapostile emva kokuphakama kukaKristu.

Indima ekhethekileyo idlala kwindawo yombala we icon. Yenza igolide ehloniphekileyo, i-ocher tender tender, imifino, i-azure eluhlaza kunye ne-soft shades. Ukutshintsha kwebala lombala kuhambelana nemithambeka epholileyo yentloko, ukuhamba kwezandla zeZiNgelosi ezihleli ngokuthula. Ekubeni ubuso obuthathu bobuThixo bubuhlungu bukhulu kwaye ngexesha elifanayo-uxolo.

Ekugqibeleni

Iimpawu ze-Andrei Rublev ziyimfihlelo kwaye zininzi zixabiseke. Iifoto apho kukho imifanekiso yoButhixo zisinika ukuvakalelwa okungaqinisekiyo ukuba intsingiselo yendalo yonke kunye nobomi bomntu isezandleni zothando nezithembekileyo.