UAlexis de Tocqueville: ingqiqo imeko efanelekileyo

sazi French UAlexis de Tocqueville wazalwa ngoJulayi 29, 1805 eParis, kwintsapho unguwo. ukhokho wakhe monarchist odumileyo, phambi kokuba Convention wathethelela Louis XVI waza wafa ngexesha Revolution Great. Usapho wenza yonke into Alexis wafumana umgangatho wemfundo evulelekileyo zobugcisa. Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, kuthathelwa ofisi egwebayo Versailles, yena gqaba wayekwenza umthetho. Kodwa kwavela Tocqueville kaThixo kakhulu abanomdla kwinkalo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, apho liyanyikima ithuba lokuqala ngakumbi.

Iimbono nzulu ngezinto

Ngokungafaniyo uyisemkhulu noyise, Alexis de Tocqueville, ogama engobomi ngumzekelo umntu bonke ubomi bakhe ngokuzithemba ningatyhafi siseko wedemokhrasi, bekude ekubeni monarchist. ingqiqo kwakhe kurhulumente efanelekileyo esekwe nolwazi ngoko kancinane esingaqondwayo United States eYurophu.

E Melika, Tocqueville ngo 1831. Waya phesheya njengenxalenye wayehambe ngezoshishino, apho ukuhlola inkqubo yentolongo eUnited States. Njengoko Alexis de Tocqueville, kwiminyaka apho eYurophu wayeza kuba ezahlukeneyo ukuba abazange umzekelo baseMerika ukukhanya-onothando, ndandifuna ukuba bahlole idemokhrasi yokwenyani of ngamathanga ngaphambili British.

A uhambo oluya US

E Melika, i engumFrentshi wahamba kunye nomhlobo wakhe nguGustave de Beaumont. Phezu kolwandle, bachitha iinyanga ezilithoba. Lonke elo xesha, le namaqabane baye kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo, esathetha koongqondo lwasekuhlaleni, kugaywa okuvelayo malunga nobomi ifowuni kunye noluntu angaqhelekanga.

Xa uMongameli US 1831 Endryu Dzhekson waba Democrat. Tocqueville nethamsanqa - waye kwilizwe bajamelene utshintsho systemic enkulu ngokwabo. Ngu union yase nantathu ithi wajoyina elinanye okwangoku. Ababini kubo (Missouri kunye Louisiana) baye bahlala kuba mkhulu Mississippi River. ndwendwe French yakwazi ukubona ngawakhe amazwe kakhulu kumazwe asentshona, ebesifuna ukuba abahloli kunye ezweni entsha.

Ngowe-1831, abemi US 13 yezigidi yaye waqhubeka ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngakumbi nangakumbi abantu bashiye nempuma kwaye ukuba afudukele West. Isizathu soku yaba Ukukhula kobungxowankulu. imimandla industrial Eastern hlukile iimeko zokusebenza abangamahlwempu mveliso, rhoqo kwemisebenzi kunye neengxaki yezindlu. Amaxesha amaninzi, UAlexis de Tocqueville waba eNew England. Kwakhona batyelela Lakes Enkulu, wakhangela eKhanada, Tennessee, eOhio, New Orleans. I engumFrentshi waba e Washington, apho wakwazi aqhelane kunye nemigaqo umsebenzi uhulumeni.

Tocqueville ayedibana ndaqhelana abaninzi anempembelelo abadumileyo baseMerika: Endryu Dzheksonom, Albert Gallatenom, Dzhonom Kuinsi Adamsom, Ibangela Jerid kunye Francis Lieber. ukuxoxa kakhulu njengoko umhambi nazo abameli bawo onke amacandelo oluntu. Tocqueville and Beaumont wacela baseMelika imibuzo ezininzi. iincwadi zabo ukuba abahlobo nezalamane ucebisa elungiselela iintetho.

"Idemokhrasi America"

uhambo Tocqueville ukuba eUnited States azale iziqhamo - ethi "Democracy eMelika." Loo mbhalo waba yimpumelelo kuphela eFransi, kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kungekudala watshintshelwa iilwimi elinesibini zasemzini. Ezona mpawu ziphambili obalaseleyo le ncwadi yaba sengqondo cala lombhali umbandela wakhe, ingqiqo yakhe kunye nobunzulu nolwazi umxholo intabalala izinto eziqokelelweyo unique ngokunjalo. UAlexis de Tocqueville, "Democracy eMelika," nto leyo eye bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa ukufaneleka kwayo namhlanje, ngenxa yakhe ukuba kufanele Wabalwa nabachasi-nkolelo kakuhle kwezopolitiko kwinkulungwane XIX.

Kwincwadi yakhe, umbhali kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yezopolitiko eUnited States France. Njengoko mzobo yoluntu kunye elizayo lilungu lepalamente efuna ukudlulisela kwilizwe labo ikhaya ndawo intle amava American. Isiseko kwedemokhrasi Tocqueville wabona ngokwesithethe sithi, amela imvelaphi amathanga Yehlabathi Elitsha. Inzuzo ephambili yoluntu American ke wakunonelela ukulingana ithuba lokuba bonke abantu kweli lizwe.

Ingcamango karhulumente efanelekileyo

Umphandi kuphikisana isiFrentshi phesheya ezigqithisileyo yinye yokwabela (ukuba mxhasi engqinelanayo kwisizwe esixelwe mva). Kuyinto ngenxa yakhe, wacinga nzulu ngezinto eUnited States akazange abe imizi emikhulu, uthi, nendlala kakhulu ngobambana nomnye. amathuba alinganayo walungisa iingxaki zentlalo wanceda ukuphepha revolution. Kazi Tocqueville ngokungafaniyo Melika kuphela eFransi, kodwa eRashiya, nto leyo ke wakunonelela nje inqaba lobuzwilakhe yintlekele.

Federalism waba omnye umqondiso imeko efanelekileyo, wacinga UAlexis de Tocqueville. "Democracy eMelika" Noko ke, ingabi kuphela adunyiswe lwentando yesininzi, kodwa wagxininisa ulinganiselwe. It Tocqueville waba yimbangi ingxelo odumileyo 'yeetawuli kwisininzi. " Eli binzana umbhali kumiselwa indlela enobunzima kungaba ngempumelelo ukuyisebenzisa ngayo okanye zidlulisele amagunya akhe uzwilakhe.

sobulumko French bafika kwisigqibo sokuba isitshixo zonke nenkululeko inkululeko yokuzikhethela kunye umyalelo womgaqo-siseko iyafuneka kwindawo yokuqala ukunciphisa kwaye ziqulathe urhulumente. Kwakhona iingxelo ziphikisana. Ngoko ke, Tocqueville wayekholelwa ukuba uluntu akukho ndawo ibonisiwe lokuwina art. "Democracy eMelika" funda Alexander Pushkin. Imbongi Russian wachukumiseka gqitha oko, njengokuba wathi kwenye yeencwadi zakhe Chaadaev.

Ukuqala inkonzo yakhe yezopolitiko

Emva kokupapashwa "Democracy eMelika," UAlexis de Tocqueville waya eNgilani, apho incwadi yakhe ethandwayo kakhulu. Umbhali elinde ngezandla ezishushu oluntu yokufunda. Ngowe-1841, i-sobulumko yaba lilungu le-French Academy of Sciences. Kwakhona wonyulwa, nangona isikhundla sakhe kwiNdlu akazange kwahluka nantoni na obalaseleyo.

Ngaphandle kokuba ezinqabileyo nangona engqondweni kwezopolitiko inkokheli yakhe yepalamente, UAlexis de Tocqueville phantse akazange aye eqongeni, kodwa ubukhulu becala wasebenza kwiikomiti ezahlukeneyo. Akazange ngamalungu naliphi na iqela lezopolitiko, nangona wavota ngokubanzi kunye nesikhundla sakhe-iphiko lasekhohlo kwaye kaninzi wathetha nxamnye endala Prime Minister Fransua Gizo.

UAlexis de Tocqueville rhoqo bagxeka urhulumente ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yayo, hayi izilangazelelo onke amacandelo oluntu. Xa intetho yakhe ezinqabileyo abezopolitiko bathi malunga akunakuphepheka wotshintsho. Oko kwenzekayo 1848. Nangona Tocqueville wayengumxhasi kobukhosi siseko, walibona kwiriphabliki entsha, ecinga ukuba kuloo meko, ekuphela kwendlela ukulondoloza amalungelo oluntu.

French Foreign UMphathiswa

Emva revolution ka-1848, Alexis de Tocqueville wonyulwa kwiNdibano neqela. Apho ke wazibandakanya ilungelo waza waqalisa bazamazamana Socialist. Ingakumbi sazi banenkani, ukukhusela amalungelo impahla. Ukuhlaselwa kuye ngamaSoshiyali, Tocqueville wakholwa, kuya kukhokelela ukuphazamisa inkululeko abemi beli lizwe kunye nokwandiswa kakhulu kwemisebenzi karhulumente. Esoyika despotism, oko evuna umda amandla kamongameli, ukusekwa kwipalamente bicameral, njalo njalo. D. Akukho nanye kwezi zindululo zange yaphunyezwa practice.

Ngowe-1849, Alexis de Tocqueville, engobomi yakhe, njengokuba sezopolitiko, ayesahluka transience, wamiselwa wezangaphandle kwezobuRhulumente Odilon Barrot. Umsebenzi ophambili we intloko yesebe bokuphathisana akubona ekulondolozeni impembelelo isisiFrentshi elingummelwane Italy. Kanye njengokuba on Apeninnskom Peninsula yaphela kwinkqubo elide nokudala bengatshatanga. Kule nkalo, i-ungquzulwano imfazwe phakathi Catholic Church kunye namagunya yezomhlaba yabo Italy entsha.

UAlexis de Tocqueville, ingcamango esisiseko yi ulondolozo ligunya elizimeleyo le Pope, ukuzama ukuphumeza i iinguqu zangaphakathi ogudileyo kwi States Kwenziwa. Ukuphumeza oku silele, njengoko iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela emva kokuqalisa uMphathiswa Wezangaphandle yonke cabinet Barrault wayeka ngenxa enye ihlazo lezopolitiko ebandakanya ileta umongameli ukuba bada-.

Ukupheliswa semisebenzi yezentlalo

NgoDisemba 2, 1851 eFransi, kwakukho omnye ubhedu. UMongameli Louis uNapoleon lichithakale ipalamente waza wafumana amandla phantse monarchical. Emva konyaka, kwiriphabliki wabhangiswa, kwaye endaweni babhengeza nokusekwa Empire Second. UAlexis de Tocqueville, iingxelo kunye neencwadi ezo nje walumkisa ingozi kukho ithuba enjalo ngeziganeko, waba ezintlwini yokugqibela baqhanqalazela le nkqubo omtsha karhulumente. Ngokweqa abasemagunyeni, yena entolongweni Vincennes entolongweni. Kungekudala wakhululwa Tocqueville, kodwa ekugqibeleni kuncothulwa imisebenzi yezopolitiko.

Umbhali osetyenziswayo tumbuluxeke ixesha waza waqalisa ukufunda iziganeko zembali ye revolution enkulu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Disemba 2 lika wamkhumbuza mdibi-18 Brumaire, nto leyo ekhokelele ngamandla kanye nantoni uNapoleon. Kule meko, inkqubo nzulu ngezinto IVinyl yezopolitiko engalunganga, apho elingasetyenziswanga ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko abantu amalungelo alinganayo, kuquka ukhetho.

"Lo myalelo omdala kunye Revolution"

Emva kweminyaka eliqela umsebenzi ngo1856, Tocqueville umqulu yokuqala ethi "Endala Nomkhosi kunye Revolution", nto leyo eyaba osekupheleni umsebenzi wakhe wesibini ubalulekileyo (emva "Democracy eMelika"). Le ncwadi iqulunqwe ezintathu, kodwa ukufa umbhali wayeka ngexesha umsebenzi wayo lowo wesibini.

Injongo ephambili isifundo inkululeko Tocqueville kaThixo. Wayekholelwa ukuba ugcino nangemigaqo oluchanekileyo non-uphazamiseko kuqoqosho. Sazi akazange abone inkululeko yabantu ngaphandle imfundo yezwe ukufundisa abantu. Ngaphandle kuyo, nayiphi na amaziko siseko azisebenzi, umbhali ukholwa. Yena ngokucacileyo ukuze umfundi ukulandela ukunyaniseka kwalo mgaqo phezu umzekelo revolution enkulu kakhulu eFransi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII.

UAlexis de Tocqueville, amabinzana clever kwaye zisetyenziswa ngoku kucholacholo lweendaba, ubuntatheli kunye neencwadi ingqalelo isiseko wenkululeko kunye nokulingana lwentando yesininzi. Ngenxa yoko izizwe bafuna ngakumbi yesibini ngaphezu kweyokuqala. Abantu abaninzi baphawula Tocqueville, akulungele ukuncama inkululeko ngenxa ukulingana. Ngolu hlobo kukho iimeko kwe despotism. Ukulingana na ikhetha abantu ukuphuhlisa ukuzingca kwabo particularism. Konke oku kubonisiwe kule ncwadi, UAlexis de Tocqueville.

Umsebenzi "Lo myalelo omdala kunye Revolution" nazo ziquka kwingqalelo inkanuko loluntu ukulungiselela inzuzo. Baqhele kudla abantu abakulungeleyo ukunceda urhulumente amagunya omtsha kuphela ngenxa kuyo ukugcina uxolo lwabo, ukuze nobomi obuqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke amandla kukarhulumente sele singene nzulu eluntwini, eyenza ukuzeyisa umntu ngaphantsi. Kuthethwa oku yinye yezolawulo, nto leyo eradicates urhulumente wengingqi.

Yeetawuli kwinginginya

Le theses of 'Endala Nomkhosi kunye Revolution, "waphuhliswa sele kuqalile kwincwadi yokuqala umbhali kwengcamango lwentando yesininzi. UAlexis de Tocqueville ngokufutshane kodwa iingcamango ngamafuphi ucaciswa, uninzi leyo yenza isiseko bezenzululwazi kwezopolitiko. Xa umsebenzi omtsha umbhali waqhubeka efunda le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa yeetawuli kwisininzi. Oku kucaca ukuba urhulumente ukuba alwe imfazwe.

Amaxesha elide igazi, kukho umngcipheko wokuba isenzeko lenduna, ngubani wagqiba ukuthatha kulo ilizwe ezandleni zabo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kwaba uNapoleon. Kule bantu yimfazwe otyhafileyo ukunika ngovuyo-sicelo iwonga yinkokheli yesizwe yonke inkululeko yawo ngenxa isithembiso uzinzo kunye nekamva zophuculo jikelele. Ngoko ke slogans populist bebesoloko ethandwayo, nangona akuwenzi yayo njongo.

Indlela kuphela ukuthintela despotism - kodwa inkululeko ngokwayo. Ukuba kusenza abantu kunye, buthathaka kukuzingca kunye nokuthatha ngayo izinto eziphathekayo. Nje siseko inkqubo yedemokhrasi akwanelanga. Urhulumente efanelekileyo kufuneka lusekelwe yokwabela abaphantsi esibanzi ngamandla. Ngoko ke, ngokuba ilizwe elikhulu ndlela ibhetele ukulungiselela umanyano. Ngoko ndacinga, UAlexis de Tocqueville. Ingcamango yeqela labasebenzi karhulumente efanelekileyo, yena kwakuthe ngenxa yeziphoso yezembali ukuba wavumela kuquka lokuzalwa kwakhe eFransi, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke.

Iinzuzo yokwabela abaphantsi amagunya

Kuphela urhulumente wengingqi unako ukusindisa abantu kogcino ngokwemimiselo afumane ukuba enze imfundo yabo yezopolitiko. Urhulumente efanelekileyo akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle iinkundla ozimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye kolawulo lolawulo kwimeko zokuxhatshazwa. Eli ziko ukufumana ilungelo lokwala imithetho eziphikisana siseko kunye namalungelo abemi.

UAlexis de Tocqueville, ngubani ngokukhawuleza saa acaphula iincwadi ababephila kunye nenzala, nayo wawalwela inkululeko yokusebenzisana kunye namaphephandaba. ke Ngelo isiqinisekiso xesha ukuba urhulumente engangeneleli kubo amaziko, kunye namasiko kunye nemikhwa zabantu. Ukuba abantu baya kucela inkululeko, kuyaqhubeka. Kwimeko zokwaliwa ngokuzithandela abemi ngamalungelo abo ayiyi kubanceda kungekho siseko. Asimele silibale ukuba lo umthetho isiphelo umva. Amaziko kuchaphazela ukusekwa okuthe chu imikhwa kunye namasiko.

Ukubaluleka bobuchule Tocqueville

Uzama ukufumana phandle indlela yokubhala incwadi kunye indlela yokwenza ingxelo, UAlexis de Tocqueville weza isisombululo elilandelayo. Xa imveliso of America, yena ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha olwandle yenziwa njani idemokhrasi kunokwenzeka yaye loo nto negalelo. Umsebenzi ngumphandi French swi izizathu ukungaphumeleli amalinge okuseka nokomeleza amalungelo oluntu.

Ucwangco ubudala, Alexis de Tocqueville ebizwa inkqubo lokufota ezazikho kwilizwe lakhe kwinkulungwane XVIII kwi ekudibaneni lokuzalwa umphakathi wobukhosi kunye absolutism yasebukhosini. Urhulumente igcinwe ukwahlulwa oluntu ngokweendidi, wabona isiqinisekiso ukhuseleko lwabo. Le bakhona ngokwemida iyaxela, ogama amalungu zidla ukwahlula ngokucophelela kwezinye zikhabane. Umfama alibonakali kanje uhlala edolophini, yaye umrhwebi kwi-mhlaba linene. nokulawulwa ngokwentando kancinane kunye nokukhula koqoqosho ndibeke isiphelo kuyo. I-revolution watshabalalisa umyalelo omdala, emisela entsha - eyakhelwe ukulingana phakathi kwabantu.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, umsebenzi kuye kwaqatshelwa yi ababephila Tocqueville yokuqala incwadi cala malunga iziganeko ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII eFransi. Phambi kwakhe, ababhali-mbali aye apapasha izifundo, ndikhusela kwicala elinye okanye elinye kwimpixano olululo.

Ngenxa yokuba lo mahluko na imveliso Alexis de Tocqueville, yaye okunene zonke iincwadi zakhe ziye wathola ukuqondwa mva, begcinelwe kwimemori zembali. Akazange ukuzama ukuzithethelela izenzo ezi monarchists kunye abaxhasi kwiriphabliki - wayefuna ukufumana inyaniso, ezisekelwe kwiinyaniso. Tocqueville wafa ngoAprili 16, 1859 e-Cannes. iminikelo lakhe ezenzululwazi noluntu yahlolwa woSuku imisebenzi epheleleyo, amaxesha amaninzi ndamelana Ukugaywa ezongezelelweyo.