Theory Superstring ulwimi ethandwayo for Dummies

theory Superstring, ngolwimi edumileyo, kuba indalo iphela njengoluhlu ehlokomayo zingu-eneji - imitya. Bona sisiseko wendalo. Hypothesis ichaza ezinye izinto - branes. Zonke izinto kweli hlabathi lethu iqulathe intlokoma ontambo kunye branes. A isiphumo sendalo mbono nenkcazelo womxhuzulane. Kungenxa yoko le nto izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba iqulethe isitshixo kumanyano womxhuzulane kunye nezinye iindibano.

Le mbono yenziwe

Ithiyori yasendle enobunye, ithiyori superstring - kuphela zemathematika. Njengazo zonke izinto eziphathekayo, ukuba sisekelwe phezu quadratic ukuba ukuchazwa ngendlela ethile.

Namhlanje, akukho bani owaziyo kakuhle uya kuba yintoni na inguqulelo yokugqibela yale mbono. Oosonzululwazi ive kunokuba engacacanga lweziqalelo ngantoni, kodwa akukho bani kodwa kuza kunyuka nge i'quadratic lokugqibela yayiza kuba ndazana zonke theory superstring kwaye siye ningekabi nakomelela ukuliqinisekisa (nangona ukuphikisa kakhulu). Zesayensi ziye wadala inguqulo lula lenxaki, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayikho kakhulu ukuchaza indalo yethu.

theory Superstring kwabasaqalayo

In hypothesis kwiingcamango ezintlanu eziphambili.

1. theory Superstring ukuqikelela ukuba zonke izinto zeli hlabathi lethu zenziwe eshukuma nemidzaluka amandla kunye nemisipha.
2. Ezama axolelanise kwezinto ngokubanzi (womxhuzulane) kunye physics quantum.
3. theory Superstring sidibanise yonke imikhosi angundoqo iphela.
4. Lo mbono qikelela uqhagamshelwano entsha, supersymmetry, phakathi kweentlobo ngokwesiseko ezahlukeneyo ezimbini kwamasuntswana, bosons kunye fermions.
5. Ingqiqo uchaza inani ezongezelelweyo dimensions ngokuqhelekileyo unobservable iphela.

Intambo kunye branes

Xa kwavela nethiyori-1970, amandla imisonto kulo babegqalwa izinto-1 ntathu - imitya. Igama elithi "omnye-mbini" libonisa ukuba umtya unalo ledayimenshini kuphela mnye, ubude, ngokuchaseneyo, umzekelo, isikwere, nto leyo iba nobude.

Ezi ithiyori superstring ihlukane iintlobo ezimbini - ezingqalileyo. umtya Open amacebiso ezingekho ukunxibelelana nabanye, lo gama i-umtya evaliweyo yi ndzhendzheleko kungekho iziphelo evulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ezi imitya, imitya ebizwa uhlobo lokuqala, zakohlwaywa, iintlobo-5 ezisisiseko leendibano.

Iintsebenziswano zisekelwe imitya ukukwazi ukuqhagamshelana babelane iincam zabo. Ekubeni iziphelo ontambo olusithabazi zihlangana uvaliwe, akunakwenzeka ukwakha kwithiyori superstrings, hayi kuquka umtya looped.

Oku kwakubaluleke neengcingo ezivaliweyo kufuneka kwiipropati kukholelwa ukuba physics ukuba akwazi ukuchaza womxhuzulane. Ngamanye amazwi, izazinzulu waqonda ukuba imfundiso superstring, endaweni yokucacisa amasuntswana lombandela ukuchaza indlela aziphatha ngayo kunye nomkhosi womxhuzulane.

Kwiminyaka kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba, ukongeza umtya, kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo e-worldwork theory. Ukuba zingathathwa ngokuba sheets okanye brane. Strings kungenziwa incamathele kubo elinye okanye kumacala omabini.

bekukubi quantum

physics Modern umthetho ezimbini eziphambili zenzululwazi: imfundiso jikelele ka (GR) kunye umyinge. Bamele intsimi eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo yenzululwazi. physics ujongene Quantum amasuntswana incinane kunazo zendalo kunye GTR, njengoko umthetho, uchaza uhlobo isikali iiplanethi, iminyele kunye indalo xa iyonke. Yeengcinga azame ukuhlanganisa kubo, ubizwa ngokuba imfundiso womxhuzulane quantum. Eyona nathembisayo kwezi ngoku umtya.

umsonto ezivaliweyo ilingane ukuziphatha womxhuzulane. Ingakumbi, bakuzuze iipropati graviton yamasuntswana ezithutha womxhuzulane phakathi kwezinto.

amabutho ukujoyina

theory Umtya lizama ukudibanisa amandla ezine - imikhosi zenyukliya umoya, abomeleleyo nababuthathaka, nondiliseko - ibe nye. Kweli hlabathi lethu, bona azibonakali njengokuba ngeziganeko ezine ezahlukeneyo, kodwa nkolelo umtya bakholelwa ukuba xa usaqala, xa kwakukho amanqanaba emangalisayo ephezulu amandla, zonke ezi mabutho zichazwa strings, zihlanganise omnye nomnye.

supersymmetry

Zonke amasuntswana kwindalo iphela lungohlulwa lube iintlobo ezimbini: bosons kunye fermions. theory Umtya Ucingela ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo, eyaziwa ngokuba supersymmetry. Ukuba supersymmetry for boson ngamnye kwaye ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ uyilo akhona kubantu ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ uyilo nganye - boson. Ngelishwa ngokomfuniselo khona amasuntswana abanjalo iqinisekisiwe.

Supersymmetry unxulumano zezibalo phakathi izinto quadratic emzimbeni. Wafunyanwa kwindawo eyahlukileyo yezinto zemvelo isicelo zayo zakhokelela lifune ukubaliswa kwe ngobhalo supersymmetry umtya (okanye nethiyori superstring, ngolwimi ezithandwayo) kwiminyaka yee-1970.

Enye yezinto ezilungileyo supersymmetry kukuba lula kakhulu inxaki, ukuvumela ukuphelisa ezinye variables. Ngaphandle supersymmetry zibalo kukhokelela kuphikisana emzimbeni, ezifana ixabiso engenasiphelo kwaye ecingelwayo namanqanaba amandla.

Ekubeni oosonzululwazi baye baphawula ukuba yamasuntswana kwaxelwayo supersymmetry, kusenjalo hypothesis. zesayensi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba isizathu soku - imfuneko isixa esikhulu amandla, nto leyo ehambisana ezinobunzima ezaziwayo alenxaki Einstein i-E = mc ^2. Ezi Amasuntswana khona kwindalo iphela ekuqaleni, kodwa njengoko sele lupholile phantsi, yaye emva kokuba Big Bang, amandla twa, la masuntswana azamazama ngokwamanqanaba amandla aphantsi.

Ngamanye amazwi, le imitya nendlebe amasuntswana amandla aphezulu ezilahlekileyo amandla, nto leyo yenza ukuba izakhi lokungcangcazela ephantsi.

Abaphandi wayenethemba lokuba kuhlolwa okanye ukuzama accelerators yamasuntswana ukuqinisekisa ithiyori, nokuchonga ezinye izinto supersymmetric amandla aphezulu.

imilinganiselo ezongezelelweyo

Okunye isiphumo yezibalo ithiyori umtya kukuba iyavakala ehlabathini, inani ngokwemilinganiso mkhulu kuno ezintathu. Okwangoku, kukho iingcaciso ezimbini oku:

1. imilinganiselo ezongezelelweyo (ezintandathu kubo) ziye isongwe, okanye, xa isigama kwethiyori Umtya compactified kubungakanani Incinci kakhulu, ukuqonda ongasoze kuphumelela.
2. Siye endlini a brane-3 mbini, kunye nezinye nemilinganiselo ngaphaya kwaye azifumaneki kuthi.

Indawo ebalulekileyo yophando phakathi nkolelo yi zomzekelo zemathematika indlela ezi zikhundla ezongeziweyo inxulunyaniswe neyethu. Iziphumo zakutsha kwangaphambili ukuba kungekudala izazinzulu ziya kuba nako ukubona le milinganiselo ezongezelelweyo (ukuba zinqongophele khona) kwi amalinge ezizayo, njengoko kusenokubakho ngaphezu kulindeleke ngaphambili.

nokuqonda injongo

Injongo wafuna zizazinzulu ngokuphanda superstrings - "ingcamango yonke into", okt Cingela ebonakalayo eyodwa kwinqanaba elisisiseko uchaza yonke inyaniso ebonakalayo ... Ukuba yimpumelelo, oko ekucaciseni imibuzo emininzi ngokuphathelele isakhiwo indalo yethu.

Ingcaciso ndaba nokufu-

Omnye wemisebenzi eziphambili zophando mihla - ukukhangela izicombululo amasuntswana ngokwenene.

theory Umtya yaqala njengengqiqo echaza amasuntswana afana hadrons, ezahlukeneyo ithi eziphezulu vibrational ye imitya. Kuninzi imixube mihla, umcimbi, waphawula endaweni yonke sisiphumo lokungcangcazela ontambo kunye branes kunye namandla liphantsi. Intlokoma ukwenza amasuntswana eliphezulu-amandla ngakumbi, nto leyo ngoku kwihlabathi lethu musa ayisekho.

Ubunzima yezi amasuntswana nezakhiwo kubonisa indlela intambo kunye branes compactified wamsongela ezinemilinganiselo ezongezelelweyo. Umzekelo, kwi lula xa agobe imilo walifaka, ebizwa zezibalo kunye zesayensi torus umtya azisongele le fomu ngeendlela ezimbini:

• loop elifutshane phakathi embindini torus;
• loop elide emhlabeni achazwe apha engaphandle iyonke torus.

Yomtya elifutshane a yamasuntswana ukukhanya, yaye uninzi - kakhulu. Xa sisongele intambo le toroidal compactified yokulinganisa, ukuyilwa izinto ezintsha ezinobunzima obahlukeneyo.

Superstring theory ngokufutshane nangokucacileyo, elula Ilula uchaza ubude utshintsho mass. silinganiso inciphisiwe kuba torus kunzima kakhulu, kodwa umgaqo basebenza nabo.

Kuyakwazeka, nangona kunzima ukucinga ukuba intambo usonga i torus kumacala amabini ngaxeshanye, nto leyo eya kukhokelela kwezinye kwisuntswana esinobunzima eyahlukileyo. Branes nayo uyisongele kumlinganiselo extra, ukudala amathuba nangakumbi.

Inkcazo isithuba kunye nexesha

Kwiinguqulelo ezininzi superstring theory of kuwa womlinganiselo, okuwenza unobservable kumphakamo wangoku zophuhliso technology.

Okwangoku akucaci nokuba ithiyori umtya eyayinokucacisa elo uhlobo esisiseko isithuba kunye nexesha ngaphezu Einstein. It bungu ulungelane nonxibelelwano ontambo kunye ingqiqo yokwenene oluzimeleyo musa.

Siqhuba ingcaciso, olo lungagqitywa ngokupheleleyo, emalunga nokungeniswa isithuba-ixesha yemvelaphi kwimali iyonke zonke iintengiselwano umtya.

Le ndlela ayihlangabezani izimvo ezithile yemvelo ukuba ikhokelele ukugxekwa hypothesis. theory uKhuphiswano bomgaqo quantum gravity njengesiqalo usebenzisa quantization isithuba kunye nexesha. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ekugqibeleni kuya kuba indlela eyahlukileyo kuphela zonke hypothesis efanayo emayisetyenziswe.

Quantization womxhuzulane

Eyona mpumelelo iphambili yale hypothesis, ukuba kuqinisekiswe, uya kuba ingcamango umyinge womxhuzulane. inkcazelo yangoku gravity kwi kwezinto ngokubanzi engangqinelaniyo umyinge physics. Okokugqibela, uhlaba miqobo yokuziphatha amasuntswana amancinane, ngexesha izama ukuhlola indalo kwindawo isikali encinane kakhulu ikhokelela yempixano ephikisanayo.

Ubunye imikhosi

Okwangoku, yemvelo aziwa imikhosi ezine ibalulekileyo: womxhuzulane, umoya, unxibelelwano zenyukliya buthathaka kwaye womelele. Ukusuka theory umtya ibonisa ukuba bonke nifudula ezibonisa efanayo.

Ngokutsho lo mbono, njengoko usaqala iphela emva big bang, oko intsebenziswano omnye wohlukana yokusebenza ezahlukeneyo namhlanje.

Ukuhlola amandla aphezulu ngonaphakade ukuvumela ukuba sifumane komdibaniso la mandla, nangona ezi amalinge zikude ngaphaya kuphuhliso lobuxhakaxhaka yangoku.

amahlanu ongakhetha

Emva superstring revolution 1984, kuphuhliso kwenzeka ngesantya bomkhuhlane. Ngenxa yoko, endaweni enye ingqiqo Wajika ezintlanu, ekuthiwa uhlobo mna, IIA, IIB, HO, ephakamileyo, nganye ichaza phantse ngokupheleleyo ihlabathi lethu, kodwa hayi kuse ekupheleni.

Physics, ochukumisa inguqulelo theory umtya ngethemba lokufumana indlela lokwenyaniso jikelele, wadala lunee 5 ezahlukeneyo self-ngokwaneleyo. Ezinye iimpawu zazo zibonisa ubunyani ebonakalayo zehlabathi, nabanye baqamba.

M-theory

Kwinkomfa ngo-1995, yamachiza Edward Witten ecetywayo isicombululo ngenkalipho ukuba nantoni na awayefike sele ezintlanu. Ngokusekelwe Kutshanje mbini, zonke zibe iimeko ezizodwa ingqiqo ngasinye senzelwe ekuthiwa Witten M theory of superstrings. Enye neengqikelelo ezingundoqo waba brane (segama inwebu), izinto ezingundoqo ukuba ayingomgca ngaphezu kwesinye. Nangona umbhali kuye olungafundwayo uguqulelo ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo kude, ithiyori M of superstrings ngokufutshane iqulathe ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• 11-lobukhulu (10 dibanisa 1 ukubangezela temporal);
• mbini, akhokelela emibonweni ezintlanu echaza inyaniso efanayo ngokomzimba;
• branes - strings, kunye nomlinganiselo ngaphezulu kwe-1.

uphenyo

Ngenxa yoko, kunokuba omnye kwakukho 10 ⁵⁰⁰ izigqibo. Kuba abathile yemvelo ukuba unobangela ntlekele, lo gama abanye bathabatha umgaqo anthropic, echaza iimpawu iphela ngobukho bethu kuwo. Kuhleli ukuba kulindelwe, xa nkolelo ziya kufumana enye indlela yokuzula imfundiso superstring.

Ezinye iinguqulelo zithi ihlabathi lethu asinguye kuphela. Iinguqulelo ezininzi olukhulu ukuvumela ubukho inani engenasiphelo uhlobo lwendawo, ezinye zazo eziqulathe iikopi ngqo yethu.

theory Einstein kaThixo ukuqikelela ubukho kwindawo liyancipha, nto leyo kuthiwa wormhole okanye Einstein-Rosen kwebhulorho. Kulo mzekelo site ezimbini kude enxulumene kumhlomlo omfutshane. theory Superstring ivumela nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo ukudityaniswa amanqaku ekwanti ngemihlaba ngaxeshanye. Unga nokuba uyele phakathi yonke imithetho ezahlukeneyo physics. Noko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukhetho, xa imfundiso quantum womxhuzulane uya ubukho babo akunakwenzeka.

zesayensi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba lo mgaqo holographic, xa lonke ulwazi oluqulethwe kule isithuba volume, ekwafanekisa kwiinkcukacha phezu kwamanzi, uya kuvumela ulwazi olunzulu ingqikelelo imicu amandla.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuba imfundiso superstring ivumela imilinganiselo emininzi kwexesha, nto leyo inokuba uhambo ngabo.

Ukongeza, kwi-sikhokelo hypothesis kukho enye ukuya imodeli Big Bang, njengako apho indalo yethu ibe sisiphumo kungquzulwano phakathi branes amabini kwaye uhamba kwimijikelo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwendalo nentshabalalo.

Isiphetho wendalo iphela ibisoloko kuhlala yemvelo, kwaye inguqulelo yokugqibela theory umtya unokukunceda ubone lexinene mba rhoqo khozimologi.Sonke. Ukwazi ezi amanani, cosmologists uya kukwazi ukubona enoba indalo bakubaleke kude, ide ivuthe, bonke yaqala kwakhona.

Akukho bani ulaziyo imiphumo mbono yesayensi, logama nje akayi ze avavanywe. Einstein, ukubhala inxaki E = mc ^2, akazange alindele ukuba kuya kukhokelela ukuvela izixhobo zenyukliya. Abenzi bemeko-physics quantum wayengazi ukuba iza kuba sisiseko i-laser kunye transistor. Kwaye nangona, kodwa bengazi, yini ingqiqo nje yeengcingane ezinjalo, imbali ibonisa ukuba uya kufumana into engaqhelekanga.

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngalo hypothesis inokufumaneka kwincwadi Endryu Tsimmermana "Super String Theory for Dummies."