Greek Athena: yothixokazi iitempile eqingqiweyo. Imbali, iintsomi kunye neenkcazelo. Temple of Pallas Athena

Athena patronizes ukufuna ulwazi, izixeko namazwe, inzululwazi kunye nokuchwela, ubukrelekrele, ubuchule, ethandaza inceda ukuphucula ubuchule babo kwimeko ethile. Ngelo xesha, ukuba wayengomnye oothixokazi ezininzi iziqu kunye intanda zikhuphisane kaZeyus, njengoko wayelingana kwakhe amandla nobulumko. Yena siyazingca kakhulu ukuba abaseleyo ngonaphakade eyintombi.

Ukuzalwa Athena

Yena wazalwa ngendlela engaqhelekanga, njengezininzi indalo kaThixo. Ngokutsho uguqulelo ixhaphakileyo, kaZeyus uSomandla wayephulaphule icebiso enikwe Uranus kunye Gala, uze absorbance wavelisa umfazi wakhe wokuqala, Metis, ubulumko ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwakhe. UNyana azalwe, nto leyo iza kukhokelela ukubhukuqwa iindudumo. Athena - emva ukufunxa ndlalifa wazalwa ukusuka entlokweni kaZeyus.

incazelo

Iqhawe uthixokazi yahlukile noogxa bakhe kela ukuba nenkangeleko engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Ezinye oothixo ababhinqileyo mnene ubukeka, ngoxa Athena akazange bangafuni ukusebenzisa ekuqhutyweni imicimbi attribute eyindoda. Ngoko, wakhumbula enxibe isikrweqe. Nge yakhe intshuntshe yakhe.

Enye umxhasi Development Urban yabanjwa ecaleni isilwanyana sakhe, lowo wazinikelayo indima engcwele. Abeyambethe ntloko laseKorinte, ngaphezulu kwawo xitsunga eliphezulu. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba kuye enxibe kokhuselo, ukuba ulusu-tight isikhumba ibhokhwe. Le Ingweletshetshe ke zinokuhonjiswa entloko, nto leyo elidlulileyo ezilahlekileyo Medusa (Gorgon). Ezinamaphiko uthixokazi Nike olikholwane baseAthene. Umthi engcwele yamaGrike amandulo ingqalelo umthi womnquma, kwaye ngomsonto ngqo nale thixo. Yaba uphawu owl ubulumko, nto leyo kunguhata kule ndima ebalulekileyo inyoka.

Ngokutsho legend Pallas amehlo engwevu iinwele ezimdaka. Amehlo akhe amakhulu. Ngaphandle ubuhle kwaba sekunjalo uqeqesho mkhosi. Yena ngenyameko isikrweqe olukhazimlisiweyo, wayesoloko ekulungele ukulwa umkhonto bahlabeka neenqwelo - ukulungele sukela edabini ubulungisa. Ukulungiselela emfazweni wafuna uncedo Cyclops-bebonke yayilishumi lamawaka.

Ezingcwele elimiswe imbeko yakhe

Waya kuthi ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa uthixokazi nehlonelwayo namhlanje. Luphawu iziqu Athena. Itempile yindawo apho wonke umntu unako ukuza ucele yona. Abantu uzama ukugcina ezi iindawo zonqulo.

Enye izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo, balizukisa isithixokazi, kungathathwa itempile, adalwe Pisistratus. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bagubhe pediments ezimbini kunye nezinye iinkcukacha. Gekatompedon eyakhiwa ngenkulungwane yesithandathu BC. Ubukhulu cella lafikelela ezilikhulu iinyawo. Wafunyanwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba zakudala baseJamani.

Ezindongeni kwakukho imifanekiso ubume neentsomi yamaGrike amandulo. Umzekelo, apho kubonakala uMofokeng ukuba balwe kwanezilo eyoyikisayo. indawo Extremely amahle!

Xa kubanjwe Battle of Marathon, siye saqalisa ukwakha Opitodoma, banikezela ukuya iqhawe. Ukwakhiwa ayikwazanga ukugqitywa njengoko wenziwe ngokukhawuleza phandle uhlaselo namaPersi limisiwe umzi. Kubekho bebone lwemihlathi yimigqomo ukusuka eludongeni elingasemntla Erechtheum.

Enye ezikhumbuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo izakhiwo yamandulo Greece ithathwa kwaye iParthenon. Esi sakhiwo unique, elimiliselwe imbeko ka-Athena iNtombi. Ukwakhiwa lisukela emva BC kwinkulungwane yesihlanu. Lomhleli ingqalelo Kallikart.

Old iParthenon washiya iinkcukacha ezimbalwa ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha Acropolis. Oku kwenziwa Phidias, xa bekukho xesha Pericles. Ngenxa ukunqulwa ngokubanzi yetempile Athena imbeko bakhe baba baninzi kunye nezivatho. Kungenzeka, abaninzi kubo nabangekafumani kufunyanwa kwaye uya ukusikholisa kwixesha elizayo. Nangona ngoku kukho inani elikhulu izakhiwo labamele ilifa etyebileyo yembali.

Temple Erechtheion e Athens nga ngokuba lesikhumbuzo obalaseleyo. Kuye kwakhiwa nabayili zamaGrike. Ngaba itempile nguPallas Athena emantla - kufuphi kuyo itempile iParthenon phezu Acropolis. Kuye ke yakhiwa phakathi kwe 421 st kunye neminyaka 406 BC, ngokutsho bezinto zakudala.

Ukudala isakhiwo esihle waphefumlela abantu baseAthene. Itempile ngumzekelo umyalelo Ionic. Ukongeza isithixokazi imfazwe kunye nolwazi phakathi kwezi iindonga uyakwazi ukufunda inkosi beelwandle Poseidon, kwaye nkqu Athene ukumkani Erechtheus, lowo esinokuzifunda amavo.

ulwazi zembali

Ekufeni Pericles, waqalisa ukuyakha indlu ka-Athena Greece, ukwakhiwa Esimoya unganyanisanga umsebenzi olula yaye yagqitywa ngexesha xa isixeko ubunzima ukuwa.

Ngokutsho legend, kwindawo apho bakha isakhiwo ukuba bake bathi uthixokazi iqhawe Poseidon. Wonke umntu wayefuna ukuba abe ngumlawuli zaseAttica. Ulwazi malunga Athens Temple kubandakanya izikhombisi kwi ezingcwele ibalulekileyo nkqubo zigcinwa apha. Ngaphambili ke eyabelwa phantsi akudala Gekatompedon, yona yayakhelayo ebudeni bolawulo Pisistratus ukuba.

Le tempile yatshatyalaliswa ngexesha ungquzulwano lwamaGrike-Persian. Kuba le ndawo, naye, wayedlala indima ebalulekileyo uthixokazi Athena. Temple ziquka idol babo, apho bekumele ukuba uwe ezulwini. Ndifunda apha noHermes.

Etempileni, bagxininisa kakhulu ngedangatye isibane segolide sayilibala. Galela ioli anele iye kuyo kanye kuphela ngonyaka. Temple ogama ngokunxulumene kumabhodlo ezibe kwakuba lomngcwabo Erechtheus. Ukongeza zonke ngasentla, kwakukho nezinye iindawo eziphakamileyo ezininzi, Noko ke, leyo, abazange zibaluleke kangaka.

Ndikhonza yothixokazi-iqhawe

Iitempile eqingqiweyo ka-Athena njengomnye izithixo ibalulekileyo zamaGrike baninzi kwaye umxhelo. Ngenxa yothixokazi enxulumene kumnquma, nto leyo utshiswe-480, kodwa wavuka uthuthu yaye baqhubeka ubomi bakhe.

Umthi ekhula kufuphi engcwele, itempile enikelwe ukuya pandrosus Uphunguphungu. akwazi Engena indawo engcwele, khangela emanzini kakuhle, amanzi anetyuwa bezele zizinto isitshixo. Bekucingelwa Poseidon ukuba ke unkqonkqozile nguThixo ngokwakhe.

ubunini Transition kwetempile

Ayisoloko imi ezi ndonga walawula Athena. Temple ixesha elithile babe amaKristu, ochithe apha unqulo lwabo ngethuba ubukho yoBukhosi baseByzantium.

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-17 ubume esweni, zigcinwe yaye umkhathalele. kwenziwe umonakalo xa 1687 kwaziswa Athens amajoni yaseVenice. Ngexesha singqingiwe njalo ke yonqulo yonakele. Xa ukuzimela Greece wabuya weva, amaqhekeza wawa, wazibeka phezu iindawo ngasekunene. Okwangoku, akukho nto kodwa amanxuwa, ngelishwa, uhambe. Uyakwazi ukubona iimpawu ezindala kwi pandrosus nesezindlu, leyo ngecala langasentla.

Nkosi Elgin, lowo uthunyelwe yi-British eConstantinople ngowe-1802, wafumana imvume enikwa Sultan Selim III ukwenzela ukuthunyelwa evela kwilizwe zonke iinxalenye abafunyanwa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, lexi kumekaka ngokubhala okanye umfanekiso. Enye Caryatids yetempile wafuduselwa kummandla eBritani. Ngoku lo oyidingayo, ngathi omenyezelayo kuyo itempile iParthenon, nguye njengomboniso ye kwiMyuziyam yaseBritani.

design yezakhiwo

Le engcwele ine Ubeko engaqhelekanga yezi zinto. Oku kungenxa yokuba kukho umahluko phakathi eziphakamileyo zomhlaba apho isakhiwo kwenzeka. Lithabathele ezantsi lise entla amanqanaba umhlaba lifinyele. Kukho iindidi ezimbini Zell. Ngamnye kubo ukuba yakhiwe emnyango. zigcwaliswe ngokobutyebi kunye ezingcwele zamandulo isakhiwo. Abazalwane esinamasango ezimbini: ngasentla nasempuma. porticoes Ionic baba yabo.

Kwimpuma ye Erechtheion, leyo ibekwe phezulu, kwaba isithuba eyayinikelwe umgcini mzi, apho Athena Polias. Lo mfanekiso isithixokazi iinkuni elondolozwe apha. Ndagqitha Panathenaea, yenza amadini kuyo umntu peplos ezintsha. Xa nesezindlu le cella ziintsika onombolo yakhe ngu ezintandathu.

Interior umbono wetempile

Kwinxalenye yasentshona wecawa kubona izinto kunye imiba Ndilizukisile, Poseidon Erechtheus. Kwicala ngaphambili kukho umda, eyenziwe yi Por ezimbini. Phakathi kwabo - ezine ezinesiqingatha-kwimiqolo.

Oku kuqinisekiswa ubukho porticoes ezimbini: ngasentla nangasezantsi. Ndinibumbela emnyango Igalelo lokuvula ngomsonto lasentla kuquka, eziquka kwisokethi. Icala lasezantsi ibalasele caryatids odumileyo nesezindlu.

Yena ogama lakhe behlonipha imilonde ezintandathu ukuphakama kuyimitha nje kweminyaka emibini. Baxhasa le iyimithi. Ubume eqingqiweyo emarmore emhlophe, into Pentelic ifakiwe. Namhlanje, kunokuba beme up. Yona yokuqala, ukugcinwa yabo iye yaba iMyuziyam yaseBritani. Nkosi Elgin esingeniswe ukuya kwenye Caryatids.

Kwakhona, lo imyuziyam Acropolis iqulethe abanye. Pandrozeyon - eli ligama nesezindlu caryatids. Pandroza intombi Cecrops. Imbeko yakhe, wabiza isakhiwo. Njengoko ibali, leyo eyakhelwe ngokususela owawukuDonga, sinazo iintsomi wayengazixeli kekropidah kunye Erechtheus. Ukuze baye basinda ezinye izidumbu litye lesikhumbuzo. Imifanekiso, imifanekiso leyo emarmore Parian, elihambisana kwisiqalo emnyama, leyo akha izinto Eleusinian.