Odongwe - ntoni na? Ukwenza ubumba

Porcelain nezodongwe - oku yeyona nto inzima (ngokwemiqathango manufacturability) ezahlukeneyo kweemveliso yodongwe. Kuba phezu elinesihlanu iinkulungwane, yokuba asetyenziswa ukuvelisa tableware, njengezikhumbuzo, izinto elingaphakathi, iinkcukacha kobuhle.

Yintoni na - faience? Ziziphi iintlobo porcelain kukho? kushishino porcelain kuphuhliswa njani eRashiya yanamhlanje? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo inokufumaneka kwinqaku lethu.

Odongwe - ntoni na? Imbali zodongwe

"Faience" - ilizwi imvelaphi Italian. Inxulumene ngqo isixeko Faenza, nto leyo bezisoloko neziko elibalulekileyo kwimveliso yodongwe eYurophu. Yintoni na - faience? Kuyinto exineneyo luyacolwa aneentunja inqaku ceramic. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isiphathele umbala omhlophe kunye njengeceba layigubungela (ngaphaya okanye buthuntu).

Faience (njengokuba, eneneni, kwaye imveliso yephondo) iqulethe izithako ezine zendalo. Le kaolin, zwi, feldspar, ibhola udongwe. Izinto awabelwa amandla ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ke ngokugqithiseleyo ukugubungela njengeceba. Ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni cell ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zodongwe:

• alumina;
• lime;
• fireclay;
• feldspar (uhlobo idumile).

Ngenxa yoko, siye safumanisa ukuba le ngodongwe. Le mveliso ixesha lokuqala afunda ukwenza amaYiputa kunye Chinese (malunga ngenkulungwane V). Kamva, kumaXesha Aphakathi, zodongwe eyenziwe Korea, eJapan Iran. EYurophu, "iresiphi" kwemveliso yawo beza kuphela kwinkulungwane XVI.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubumba ngcono amazwe ehlabathini ekuvezeni afana eJamani, France, eJapan, UK, China kunye Italy.

Porcelain ezahlukeneyo

Igama elithi "porcelain" livela faghfur wasePersi. Olu hlobo ngodongwe apho ixesha elide, irhasi kunye nokumelana amanzi. Porcelain efunyenwe zokudubula kaolin kunye kongezwe feldspar, zwi kunye namanye amacandelo. Kule nkqubo, izinto eliphuma emhlophe, entle yokhaliso.

Kukholelwa ukuba porcelain 'yasungulwa "amaTshayina kwinkulungwane VI. Yaye liye ezifumanekayo abeLungu kuphela emva eliwaka kweminyaka zobugcisa mveliso. Kudala phambi kokuba kufika Central Asia, ubukhulu becala ngenxa Silk Road. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII baqalisa ukuvelisa imveliso yephondo eMelika, kwaye ekuqaleni XVIII - eRashiya.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu imveliso yephondo, eziya kwahluka kakhulu kwi iimpawu ezisemgangathweni ezingundoqo:

• eziqinileyo (porcelain Reference ezifunyenwe yi iqondo lobushushu ukudutyulwa phezulu, kuba ngaphaya kancinci);
• ithambo (lolu hlobo porcelain eziveliswa ngenxa Ukongeza ngomxube amathambo abafileyo utshiswe, oko elula, ecacileyo ixesha elide kakhulu);
• soft (uhlobo olulodwa porcelain esixhonteleyo porosity okwandileyo kwaye isithambiso ngombala omhle).

Inkqubo yokwenza izinto zodongwe

Zodongwe, China kunye ezifana, iveliswayo phantse ezikwisekethe enye. Yobuchwepheshe, kube yinkqubo kunokuba nzima, equka imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo ezimalunga nama-80. Ngokubanzi, umntu ukwahlula zigaba ezintlanu eziphambili zemveliso kweemveliso whiteware:

1. yokulungiselela (ukuxuba ngamanzi kunye udongwe kaolin, ityumza yaye isila ilitye, ukulungiselela mass zeplastiki).
2. Formation imveliso.
3. Ukuqwayita - lokuqala (kwifomu) kunye lokugqibela.
4. Ukutshiswa iimveliso (amaninzi kusetyenziswa ixesha-ezimbini badubula).
5. Injengokubengezela kunye nemveliso ubuciko (ukupeyinta inokuba nda okanye glaze).

Le porcelain luphawulwa zomdongwe?

Ngokubanzi, imveliso ayikho eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka ngodongwe. Kwaye umntu ongenamava kuya kuba nzima ukufumanisa ukuba uhlobo zodongwe phambi kwakhe. Nazi iingongoma eziphambili eza kunceda ukwahlula porcelain evela zomdongwe:

• njengenxalenye zodongwe lodongwe ngakumbi (malunga ne-85% ye-ubunzima lilonke);
• xa ujonge izinto ezikwi-ukukhanya kukhanye ngokusebenzisa imveliso yephondo kunye odongwe - akukho;
• Porcelain isoloko ekhalayo, kwanaxa olujoliswe ukukhanya, faience kwaye likhupha isandi edakumbile iphantsi;
• ekuhambeni kwexesha, imveliso zodongwe alekwe ubulembu iintanda amancinci, ukuba aziqhelekanga ukuba imveliso yephondo;
• iimveliso yodongwe idla ngokuba nzima kakhulu kwimveliso efanayo imveliso yephondo;
• Porcelain usoloko emhlophe, kodwa ngodongwe unokuba ezahlukahlukeneyo abangasekhoyo.

kushishino Porcelain ku Russia yanamhlanje

ishishini Porcelain na isebe ushishino ukukhanya yaye ligxininisa ekuvelisweni iseramikhi ocoliweyo - tableware, imifanekiso, izitya, izinto ingaphakathi zezikhumbozo ezahlukeneyo. ERashiya, imbali yawo yaqala ngo-1744 xa mveliso yokuqala ihlelwa eSt Petersburg. Kwinkulungwane XIX kwi ummandla ubukhosi, kukho sele amashumi iifektri ekuveliseni imveliso yephondo kunye zodongwe. Kwi leSoviet, inani leenkampani ezinjalo kuye kwaphindaphindeka kathathu.

Namhlanje kushishino porcelain of Russia uhamba ngokusebenzisa amaxesha okusemandleni alo. Eli lizwe iinkampani 11 kuphela kolu shishino. It utyala:

• Kislovodsk "Porcelain Phoenix."
• mveliso porcelain Andreapolsky.
• "Porcelain Sysert".
• "Kuznetsovsky porcelain".
• Gzhel porcelain mveliso.
• PC "Dulevo porcelain".
• "Bashkir porcelain".
• "Porcelain Verbilok".
• Imperial Porcelain Factory.
• mveliso porcelain Rechitsky.
• PKF "Kubanfarfor".

Inkokeli kwimveliso porcelain eRashiya nguye Imperial Porcelain Factory (IPF) eSt Petersburg. iimveliso zawo aye athunyelwa kumazwe aliqela ngempumelelo. Products IPE thaca kwi-Hermitage, eLondon naseNew York iimyuziyam.