Sea South Aral: unobangela wokufa, imbali, iifoto

Eli nqaku liza kuthetha elinye iimbombo zomhlaba, yajika yaba yintlango elingumqwebedu ngenxa zokuziphatha ngokungafanelekanga zabantu umsebenzi wezolimo.

ulwazi jikelele

Ngaphambili, ubukhulu Sea yayo Aral yaba umzimba yesine wamanzi ehlabathini lonke. Ukufa uLwandle Aral yaba sisiphumo yokutsala ngokugqithisileyo kwamanzi okunkcenkceshela enkulukazi imihlaba emikhulu yezolimo ku Kazakhstan kunye Uzbekistan. Yonke into eyenzekayo kuLwandle Aral - kukho intlekele unrecoverable yendalo.

A kancinane ngakumbi kule kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi eziphathelele kulo umzimba ongowemvelo amanzi, kuya kuxoxwa kamva nqaku.

Nkqu eyoyikisayo ukuba ucinge, kodwa kuLwandle Aral kunye nomthamo namhlanje, ngokulandelelana, ikota yaye malunga ne-10% yexabiso yokuqala.

Ixabiso amagama yolwandle

Kule dama yendalo ibekwe inani elininzi kwiziqithi. Kule nkalo, iye ngokuba Aral. igama eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "naseziqithini zolwandle" Ngenxa ulwimi yabemi bomthonyama kwezi ndawo.

ULwandle Aral namhlanje: iimpawu jikelele, indawo

Enyanisweni, namhlanje endorheic, ezinetyuwa, ichibi relict. Indawo ngayo - Central Asia, ngomda ummandla Uzbekistan kunye Kazakhstan. Ngenxa utshintsho imisinga Syrdarya kunye Amudarya, ukondla ulwandle, ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 apho kukho ilahleko enkulu umthamo wamanzi kunye nokuncipha olungqamelanayo kwi kumphezulu wazo, ibangela uxinizelelo intlekele eziphilayo etyhutyha emangalisayo.

Ngowe-1960 ukuba uMzantsi Sea Aral ngokwenene kunjalo. amanzi aphezu komhlaba Surface na ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle sasiziimitha 53, yaye ummandla uwonke weekhilomitha square 68.000. Alolulele kwakumalunga 435 km ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi km 290 ukusuka empuma kuye entshona. avareji kangakanani kweemitha ezili-16, yaye indawo zinzulu - 69 eemitha.

I-Sea Aral namhlanje - ichibi yokomisa, leyo lancitshiswa ubukhulu bayo. Kwathatha 100 yeekhilomitha ukusuka unxweme yakhe yangaphambili (umzekelo, kwi-Uzbek kwisixeko Muinak).

sezulu

Kuba kummandla woLwandle Aral iphawulwa intlango imozulu lizwekazi, kunye notshintsho awo aphezulu obushushu, kunye ehlotyeni ezishushu kakhulu ebusika obubandayo kakhulu.

Yokunqaba kwemvula (malunga ne-100 mm ngonyaka ngamnye) counterbalances le ngumphunga okungephi. Ezibangele ukuba kumiselwe imali amanzi - amanzi anjengomlambo imilambo kunye komphunga ezikhoyo, apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa ukuba ngayo ngokulinganayo.

Izizathu yokuduka koLwandle Aral

Enyanisweni, ukufa Sea Aral kuye kwenzeka kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo. Ukususela ngo-1960, inqanaba phezu amanzi alo yaqala ngokukhawuleza ngokucwangcisiweyo ukwehla. Xa oku kwabangela ngumntu Ukutyhila i Syr Darya kunye Amu Darya imilambo ngeenjongo ukunkcenkceshela kwamabala zasekuhlaleni. abasemagunyeni eSoviet baqala ukuguqula iindawo ezinkulu yinkangala ku Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan kunye Turkmenistan kwiinkalo ezintle ezilinyiweyo.

Ngokunxulumene nemisebenzi obungaka elikhulu, umyinge wamanzi uzayo umzimba ongowemvelo yamanzi, waye ngokucotha ukuhla. Sele 1980, ngexesha kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni, imilambo ezimbini ezinkulu koma, hayi dotekaya elwandle, engeva omlambo dami aqala ukuncipha. Le mbi woLwandle Aral namhlanje (photo ngezantsi ibonisa oku).

Ulwandle ngokwendalo yahlulwe amalungu ama-2. Oku kudala Amachibi ezimbini amanzi: kumazantsi yoMzantsi Aral Sea (Esibanzi Aral Sea); emantla - Small Aral. Ngoko etyuwa bande oluphindwe-3 xa kuthelekiswa nenani-50.

Ngokutsho idatha ka-1992, ummandla uwonke amadama amabini kuye kutsho ku-33,8 eziliwaka macala onke. M. km, kwaye inciphise inqanaba kwamanzi ukuya kwiimitha ezili-15.

Kakade kwakukho imizamo ngoorhulumente lwamazwe Central Asia ukuba amalungiselelo nkqubo vodoekonomnogo kwezolimo ukuze uzinzise kwinqanaba woLwandle Aral ngenxa nokukhululwa imithamo amanzi omlambo. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima ekuhleleni izigqibo phakathi kwamazwe Asia kwenza kube nzima ukuba zazise iiprojekthi ngalo mba de kube sekupheleni.

Ngenxa yoko, le yahlulwe kuLwandle Aral. Ukujula kwawo yehliswe kakhulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko abunjwe phantse 3 amachibi ezincinane ezahlukeneyo: Sea Aral Esikhulu (entshona nasempuma kwe edikeni) kunye Aral Small.

Ngokutsho imibono wenzululwazi, ukuya ku-2020 ilindeleke ukuba unyamalale, yaye inxalenye esemazantsi ichibi.

imiphumela

Ndilutshise ulwandle Aral yi ekupheleni 80s ayaba ngaphezulu kwe 1/2 umthamo wayo. Kulo mba, okwanda inani neetyuwa kunye neeminerali, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekutshabalaleni yesityebi ngamaxesha idlulileyo izilwanyana kummandla, ingakumbi iintlobo ezininzi yeentlanzi.

amazibuko ezikhoyo (Aralsk ngasemntla nomzantsi Muinak) namhlanje uye kwiikhilomitha ezininzi kude ukusuka kumgca oselunxwemeni kwedike. Ngaloo ndlela, kwabakho umonakalo kuloo mmandla.

Ngo-1960, ukuloba ngokubanzi sele ifikelele amawaka-40. Iitoni, yaye 80s phakathi lokuloba kwindawo abasekho. Ngenxa yoko, yalahlekelwa malunga 60 lamawaka. Imisebenzi.

Yeyona ixhaphakileyo abemi yolwandle yaba flounder Sea Black, kwaguqulwa kubomi amanzi anetyuwa (ukungeniswa yaba 1970). Yena yanyamalala kule Big Sea Aral ngo-2003, njengoko amanzi anetyuwa amanzi aqalisa ukufikelela amaxabiso kwama-70 g / l, nto leyo ngakumbi phantse 4 ngaphezulu olwandle, baqhele iintlanzi ezinjalo.

Imeko apho uhleli kuLwandle Aral namhlanje, kukhokelele kwinto yokuba kukho utshintsho lwemozulu eyomeleleyo kunye ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu awo.

Nokuhambisa iyakuvingca ngenxa kokurhoxa amanzi kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ukusuka kwizibuko engundoqo kuLwandle Aral.

Xa inkqubo ukuthoba umgangatho wamanzi kwindawo zombini amadama iwile, ngokulandelelana, yaye inqanaba aphantsi komhlaba, yaye oku, nayo, ekhawulezayo le nkqubo ingenakunqandwa yokutshatyalaliswa kohlaza le ndawo.

Renaissance island

Lo mbandela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo nonakekelo 90 emva kwexesha laba malunga. Renaissance. Ngaloo mihla, 10 kuphela km. amanzi wakwahlula siqithi evela emhlabeni nomsinga. Ubukho ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kule siqithi iye yaba yingxaki ethile, njengoko njengokwemihla Cold War, le ndawo iye yaba liziko kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene izixhobo zebhayoloji Union.

Kwakhona, ngaphandle izifundo ezinjalo wenza kwaso yokulahla iitoni ezilikhulu iintsholongwane anthrax yingozi. Okubangelwa izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuqhagamshelana nge-yokuba ndlela kwiindawo umiwe abantu abangakwaziyo kwakhona ukusasaza anthrax. Ngowe-2001, malunga. Renaissance sele wajoyina i-South inxalenye yawo ukuze azise.

Aral Sea (photo ichibi mihla ngasentla) zikwimeko shockingly amahlwempu. Ewe kunye neemeko zokuphila ziye zisiba mbi kule ndawo. Umzekelo, abahlali Karakalpakstan ubunzima kakhulu, abahlala kwimimandla esemzantsi woLwandle Aral.

Uninzi emazantsi evulekileyo chibi unobangela izaqhwithi uthuli eziliqela, ethwele nabo kulo mmandla uthuli eyityhefu kunye neetyuwa kunye zinambuzane. Ngokuphathelele ezi ziganeko abantu abahlala apho, apho ebizwa ngokuba yi-South Sea Aral waqalisa ukuba kuvela iingxaki ezinkulu zempilo, ingakumbi kakhulu amatyala, umhlaza kwingqula, isifo sezintso nezinye. Kwaye izinga lokusweleka kweentsana kule ngingqi - liphezulu ehlabathini.

Malunga ehlabathini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana

Sele-1990 (phakathi) endaweni afakwa onabileyo zemithi, imifuno kunye namatyholo kwi seashores zangaphambili zobungangamela zinokubonakala besusa kuphela onge kwizityalo (xerophytes kunye halophytes), ngandlel malilungiselelwe imihlaba ezomileyo kunye saline.

Walondoloza kuphela 1/2 iintlobo inzalelwane iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo kakhulu ngokunxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ngaphakathi 100 km ukusuka kumgca elunxwemeni of the (utshintsho elikhulu kwamaqondo obushushu nokufuma) yokuqala.

isiphelo

karhulumente ezinkulu eziphilayo, nto leyo eye ukuya kumhla ayekhe aba noLwandle kunokuba omkhulu eMzantsi Aral, inika kwiinkathazo nemimandla ezikude.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, uziselele eluthulini, ngenxa mimandla kuLwandle Aral wafumana nkqu enhla Antarctica. Kwaye oku bubungqina bokuba yokuduka kwamanzi iphenjelelwa ngamandla yi-ecosystem jikelele. Ukuba ucinga ngento yokuba abantu kufuneka yenze imisebenzi yayo ebalulekileyo cingisisi, ngaphandle ebangela loo umonakalo kwi-bume, leyo umniki bomi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.