Russian emathafeni reserve: uluhlu

Kwihlabathi mihla, sisoloko silibale malunga nendalo ezingqongileyo, ekhangela ngakumbi nangakumbi kulo nyaka ngamnye. Ukukhulisa umzi, motorways ezintsha zakhiwa, kancinane ubomi bethu kwinkangeleko yendalo kunye ezintle. Indima ukugcinwa enezityalo nezilwanyana zendalo bazamela imimandla ekhethekileyo - zolondolozo. Kwilizwe lethu, siye wadala ngaphezu kwekhulu imimandla ekhuselweyo, zolondolozo lwendalo kunye enkangala Russia uphethe indawo ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo.

Yintoni reserve?

Reserve ithathe inxalenye ethile kufutshane (okanye amanzi), apho igcinwa zonke kwisakhiwo zendalo ngendlela epheleleyo nezendalo.

Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba amalinge lokuqala ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo ziye umva kwi BC kwinkulungwane III, e Sri Lanka. Kwaba kukhona olushicilelwe i ngqa ehlabathini komthetho ngokukhuselwa zasendle. Le ndawo yokuqala yemeko yolondolozo Wabonakala ngenkulungwane XIII e Ifriqiya, xa indlu Hafsid ukuvalwa kuzingela kummandla omnye amachibi.

Ngokwembono mthetho lwala maxesha Russian, chaza Russian oovimba bendalo - ngamaziko ezikhethekileyo kufunyaniswe zizazinzulu ukulondoloza kwaye bafunde iinkqubo zendalo kunye neenkqubo zokunxibelelana kwendalo.

Iinjongo Iinjongo

Zonke iindawo zolondolozo lwendalo Russian ezikhuselweyo bazimisele ukulungiselela iinjongo ezifanayo:

1. Ekulondolozweni lezakhi enezityalo nezilwanyana.
2. Le ukugcinwa zendalo eziphila ingqibelelo.
3. Ukugcina iyantlukwano zezityalo nezilwanyana uluntu.
4. Ukuphunyezwa yophando vivo.

Zonke iipaki zesizwe eRashiya, yaye hayi kuphela eRashiya, eyakhelwe lo mgaqo. Kubume zabo zohlulwa zayimimandla ezintathu eziphambili:

• Bulunga core;
• buffer (SF) zone;
• indawo ekhuselweyo (okhoyo phakathi reserve kanye kunye neendawo ezikufutshane ngokungakhuselekanga).

Kunye oovimba omkhulu Russia nezincinane kufuneka isakhiwo eso. Ezi zigaba zintathu uphawu neziseko ezikhundla ahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu.

Imbali zolondolozo lwendalo Russian

Phantse zonke iindawo zolondolozo Russian, ezo amagama uya kufumana kweli nqaku, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, zinembali ende imvelaphi yayo.

Le ndawo yokuqala ezifana eRashiya wasekwa ngo-1917. It reserve Barguzinsky in Buryatia. Kamva ke uluhlu kweendawo ezikhuselweyo yelizwe ithe kwakhona kuphela. Ezo oovimba ezinkulu naseRussia njengohlobo Astrakhan, neCaucasus kunye Ilmensky nazo ingabalelwa omdala. Bonke Wabonakala 20 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kodwa mncinane kungathathwa reserve "Utrish", nto leyo yasekwa ngo-2010. Ngaphezu koko, zethuba elifikelela ku-2020 sihlelwe ukudala iindawo ezikhuselweyo 11 ezintsha ngakumbi eRashiya.

Oovimba of Russia: uluhlu loovimba emathafeni

Njengoko ka-2014 kwi-Russian Federation kukho 103 zolondolozo lwendalo. Bonke abahlala kwindawo elipheleleyo ezikwere zeekhilomitha 340.000. Le ndawo omkhulu onokufaniswa kummandla ngamazwe aseYurophu, ezifana eFinland.

Kweli nani, 11 zolondolozo lwendalo kunganxulunyaniswa emathafeni. Sibala ezi isigidi Russia. Uluhlu bafaka ngezantsi:

• Astrakhan,
• "Belogorye"
• Voroninsky,
• Voronezh,
• White-naped,
• East-phambene,
• "Galichya Intaba"
• Orenburg,
• Rostov,
• "IVolga emathafeni"
• "Black Umhlaba".

Zonke iindawo zolondolozo Russian, amagama ezidweliswe, babelwa Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Ababini kubo - eMpuma-Urals kunye "Ntombazana Intaba" - ngokuxhomekeke kwezinye ii-arhente.

Lo mkhuba emathafeni Russian

emathafeni Russian - kuba isenzeko ezizodwa kunye ezizodwa zemvelo. Russian oovimba emathafeni, kunye zengca zabo zasendle yaye bofanelana bephinyelene iintsiba ubuhle ingca, afana isingci a zehashe.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ingcamango wokudala imimandla ekhuselweyo yavela kuyo emathafeni. Outstanding sesayensi lomhlaba kunye sezolimo Vasily Dokuchaev wathetha ngalo imfuneko kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo. Kunjalo, akukho elisisigxina na eyayikho eRashiya kummandla emathafeni of nenani-90 ukuya ku. Eyokuqala yaba Orenburg emathafeni izabelo, yaququzelelwa isinyathelo Alexander Alexandrovich Chibilova ngo-1989.

Emathafeni reserve "Orenburg"

Wabonakala ngoMeyi 1989, namhlanje babugubungela ummandla weehektare kwama-21 amawaka.

Emathafeni reserve "Orenburgsky" ibandakanya iinkalo ezine ezahlukeneyo:

• Talovskaya emathafeni
• Burtinskaya emathafeni
• Aytuarskaya emathafeni
• Aschisayskaya emathafeni (kwindawo enkulu ezweni 7.200 hectares).

Ngaphakathi kule ndawo ungabona nje kuphela emathafeni kungachukunyiswa. Kukwakho ezininzi zesikhumbuzo zakudala VII-III ngenkulungwane BC. Oku iindonga inkcubeko Sarmatian.

Imozulu - owomileyo nezelizwekazi. lobushushu ngonyaka Umyinge Iqondo lobushushu lihle laya 2.5 C, kwaye umlinganiselo imvula yonyaka negligibly amancinci - ukusuka 250 ukuya-350 mm. Ngu iqondo ilele ummandla lowo ungenziwa ngokukhuselekileyo kunganxulunyaniswa semi-entlango.

Of izilwanyana Reserve yiyo ezimbini: kukho iintlobo 14 nomngundo, iintlobo 150 ulele, iintlobo-8 moss kunye neentlobo 1.350 kwezityalo ezinemigca. Akukho ngaphantsi izityebi izilwanyana ndawo: iintlobo-48 ezanyisayo, iintlobo 193 zeentaka, iintlobo-6 zeentlanzi, iintlobo 526 looqongqothwane neentlobo 184 izigcawu. Lo mmandla kuhlala emathafeni ubukhulu becala nengca-kwesoyi, phezu kwamaxandeka iinduli kwakhona emathafeni lengxondorha nakumhlaba-saline - izakhiwo intlango kunye noluntu.

Xa reserve kukho malunga ezimbini izityalo elinesibini ezidweliswe kwi-Red Book of Russia. izilwanyana ezininzi reserve Russian "Orenburg" nawo iNcwadi oluBomvu. Phakathi kwabo bee emathafeni, curlew ilitye intaka, Balaban, eagle yegolide, emathafeni njengexhalanga, bustard kunye esize kunye yaseYurophu Beaver.

"Belogorye"

Russian oovimba emathafeni - yinto bubuncwane yokwenene lizwe lethu. Enye ummandla wolondolozo lwendalo "Belogorye" kummandla Belgorod, leyo labhalwa emva ku-1924. Injoli ke yambiza 'Ihlathi of the Vorskla River, "yaye ngowe-1999 uhlelwe ukukhusela omtsha kummandla phantsi kwegama layo ngoku.

Le ndawo ekhuselweyo ke amaziko emfundo yenzululwazi kunye zokusingqongileyo ezibaluleke federal. injongo yawo - ukulondoloza kunye nesifundo eneenkcukacha iinkqubo zendalo kunye ngezenzeko kwindawo ehlathini-emathafeni, kwakunye nolondolozo lweentlobo ngamnye kunye noluntu enezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nendalo ekhethekileyo ngasezantsi Central Russian inkangala.

Intsimi yohlobo reserve "Belogorye" iquka amacandelo amahlanu ezahlukeneyo, apho zifumaneka kwizithili ezintathu mmandla. Sihlahla nje:

• Ihlathi kwi Vorskla,
• Izgorya udonga,
• Bald Hills,
• Yamskaya emathafeni,
• nemiwonyo Ostrasevy.

Ummandla ogcweleyo "Belogoriya" ngu 2131 eehektare.

Kwindawo ebekelwe bucala, izazinzulu Kukho 149 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaka, ngokunjalo malunga 370 iintlobo kwezityalo ezinemigca. Fauna imelwe 50 iintlobo ezanyisayo, iintlobo-15 zeentlanzi, iintlobo ezirhubuluzayo, 6 kunye neendidi 9 izilwanyana emanzini.

Reserve "Voroninsky"

zolondolozo ezinkulu Russia etsala inani elikhulu labakhenkethi kunye zemvelo. Omnye Voroninsky reserve ibekwe kwindawo kwihlathi kummandla Tambov. Kuye kwaqulunqwa 1994 ukuya ukukhusela iinkqubo ehlathini emathafeni of Central Russia. Le ndawo iyonke - ngaphezu kwe-10,000 eehektare, ummandla wolondolozo lwendalo ibekwe ngaphakathi km 40 Unomyayi Valley River.

Ulwakhiwo Voroninsky Reserve kuquka namacandelo amabini amakhulu - amahlathi "Inzhavinskaya" yaye "Kirsanovsky" kwaye ngaphezulu indawo ezilishumi ezincinane esicaciswe.

Ingcamango ngokudala le ulondolozo ndawo ndawo ebango VP Bake Tian-Shanskii eyaziwa geography Russian. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala amabini, wacela ukuba aququzelele apha ebizwa ngokuba "uromny Park" (uremia - umkhukula-plain ihlathi ezizodwa). Yeyona ukufunda kunye nokubuyiselwa hlathi na umsebenzi ephambili yolondolozo mihla.

Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi yokwenene zepraktikhali uphuhliso lwengqiqo reserve yaqala kuphela ngasekupheleni-imi- 80 lwekhulu XX. Igalelo elikhulu nokucwangciswa reserve babe Voroninsky ziingcali Regional Museum and Tambov zokufundisa Institute.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Reserve liqulunqe iindlela abakhenkethi ezintathu: ". Umendo eziKhuselekileyo" "Inzhavino-Barska Intaba", "Imbonakalo eKhuselweyo Lake" yaye

Enye ezinika best Voroninsky Reserve i-ekuthiwa Bald Intaba - nto ngathi kuthintelwe iVolga Uplands. Ihlaba lunobude usisizalwane malunga nama-50 eemitha. Kwaye namhlanje entabeni igutyungelwe kumahlathi ngumntu, phambi kokuba ngokwenene 'aphuculwa', ngoko ke igcine igama layo. Ngendlela, ukuba le ntaba luphawu kwilali Inzhavino.

Enye umtsalane reserve - Njengomngcunube Ashera ekhethekileyo kufuphi nelali Semenovka. yobudala bakhe - kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-150. Noko ke, hayi nje kuphela kweli willow uAshera edumileyo, ngenxa yokuba ingqalelo kanye igcisa odumileyo Mstislav Dobuzhinsky. Kwaye ngoku mfanekiso igcinwa kwi Museum of London. Ngelishwa, namhlanje kuphela yokutyiwa kwale Grove Willow - ezininzi imithi ezatshatyalaliswa ngexesha lemfazwe, yaye ngenxa yemisebenzi okungenaluzsini kwi 90.

"Rostov"

Mangaza kwaye obathandayo yayo oovimba beauty emathafeni of Russia! Ngowe-1995, kummandla Rostov of Rostov Reserve yamiselwa, nangona imiqathango kumbutho walo kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Lo mbono ukwenza apha emathafeni reserve ngoko Scientist yabonisa Vasily Dokuchaev, ngubani wachitha ixesha elininzi neenzame ukufunda nenkangeleko emathafeni yasekuhlaleni.

Rostov Reserve iwonga federal kunye nolawulo bayo. Liquka iinkalo ezine ezahlukeneyo, ummandla uwonke eehektare ngaphezulu kwama-9.

Kwindawo ebekelwe bucala, izazinzulu ekuthini iintlobo 410 kwezityalo ezinemigca - uninzi okuziinkozo, iimbotyi, kanti elithi kunye clove. Apha uyakwazi ukufumana iintlobo-4 ka-ertyisi, iintlobo ezininzi iintsiba ingca, ameva inkamela. Khula ebekelwe kunye lweentlobo ezidweliswe kwi-Book oluBomvu: eTulip Schrenk, iris, nenomlanga, ngeentsiba ingca kunye nezinye iintlobo.

"Black Umhlaba"

Amafa inkulu yantlitha Russia kunye abasakhasayo kunye nelizwe unspoilt-mhlaba enyulu. Enye yezona kweli lizwe a Biosphere Reserve kunye negama engaqhelekanga "Black Umhlaba", apho agcinwe kwiindawo eyodwa Bibles emathafeni.

I-Reserve yamiliselwa ngoJuni 1990. Umsebenzi ophambili - ukugcina emathafeni kunye nezo zibuntlangorha komhlaba, kwakunye nokukhuselwa yabantu yiSAIGA. Ummandla ogcweleyo indawo ekhuselweyo - ngaphezu kwe-120 lamawaka eehektare. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngo-1993 i "Black Land" wafumana iwonga lezilwanyana yi-UNESCO.

flora Le reserve xa uchazwa emathafeni nenkqantosi iintlobo zezityalo. Ngenxa yoko, kwiindawo oyisanti ukwazi ukuhlangabezana liva inkamela, ingca lyme, isanti sagebrush. Xa kwisiqithi kwedike Manichev-Gudilo babe emaqeleni kunye iintsiba Lessing. Khula apha kunye neentlobo ezinqabileyo zezityalo: cornflower Taliev kunye eTulip Schrenk.

Le izilwanyana kwakhona limelwe ziintlobo emathafeni kunye nezo zibuntlangorha. Apha neula njengesiqhelo, lokhwalimanzi enkulu-eared, Gopher encinane, nempuku. Zinokufumaneka ku "ilizwe abamnyama" bandaging kunye polecat eliqaqambileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukwandisa labemi ingcuka kwi reserve.

Nest kwi reserve inani elikhulu zasemanzini. Oku izidenge nenkuku yamanzi, irhanisi, nengcwangube lweDalmatia, idada zasendle, idada zingwevu, pochard kunye nabanye. Protected apha kwaye emathafeni ngokuqhelekileyo iintlobo zeentaka: bustard, kwaMagwangqa, bustard encinane, emathafeni njengexhalanga kunye nesangxa.

"IVolga emathafeni"

"IVolga emathafeni" - indawo yolondolozo lwendalo kummandla Penza, nto leyo ibandakanya iinkalo 5 ezahlukeneyo:

• Poperechenskaya emathafeni
• Ostrovtsovskaya emathafeni
• Kuncherovskaya emathafeni
• Pine Ihlathi on Kadadah,
• Ihlathi Verhnesursky.

Le ibekwe kwindawo emathafeni i kuMbindi iVolga. I-Reserve yasekwa ngo-1989 ukuya ukukhusela emaqeleni ezisemantla kunye namahlathi. Iquka namhlanje indawo ka 8326 eehektare. "IVolga emathafeni" - ayikho kuphela indawo yolondolozo lwendalo. Ebekelwe bucala kwakhona ukwenza lwenzululwazi, uphando, imfundo kunye nemisebenzi zolonwabo ngempumelelo. Noko ke, eyona njongo iphambili 'impahlana iVolga "na ukhuselo enezityalo nezilwanyana, kwakunye nabameli wabo kunye nendalo yonke.

In "iVolga emathafeni" Kukho malunga nama-860 iintlobo zezityalo ezinemigca ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (oku, endleleni, 55% ye ubume kweentlobo ze-Penza mmandla izihluma). Kwezi, iintlobo-70 adinga ukhuseleko ezizodwa, nkqu asithoba iindidi ezidweliswe kwi-Red Book of Russia. Oku iintlobo ezine Stipa (iintsiba ingca, ezintle, opushennolistny kunye ngeentsiba Zaleski), Fritillaria Russian, iris itshazile, Cephalanthera rubra, epipogium itshazile kunye cucullata neottianta. iintlobo 58 izityalo ze ebekelwe bucala kwakhona zibandakanyiwe kwi-Red kwiNcwadi yasendle.

An into umdla a ngcu Forest Reserve kwi Kadadah, okanye-ebizwa ngokuba "Borok", kufuphi kwilali Shatkino. Plot indawo pine ihlathi phezu lomlanjana Kadadah - phantse 400 yeehektare. Iboron a entsokothileyo ehlathini ngcu iisoyi kunye oki. Uninzi ndawo kuhlala into kunye alder imigxobhozo.

Eli nqaku lichaza koovimba edume Russian. Amafoto amalungu la emikhulu ilizwe lethu ingafunyanwa nayo apha. Kwilizwe lethu, siye wadala ngaphezu kwekhulu imimandla ekhuselweyo, ezijonge ukukhusela okusingqongileyo ezingqongileyo, ukukhuselwa kwinkangeleko yendalo, restoration kunye nolondolozo lweentlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo ezithile. Ukongeza, ekhuselweyo imimandla kwaye enze umsebenzi ngakumbi zemfundo kunye emfundo ngokulima abantu eRashiya uthando lwendalo. Uninzi loovimba kwakhona inethuba elikhulu zolonwabo kunye babatyeleli, yaye ezinye zazo kuzama uku phawula oko ngokuphuhlisa iindlela abakhenkethi ezizodwa kwiindlela eziphilayo.