Russia yaMandulo: eyinkunzi. Nguwuphi isixeko yayilikomkhulu Russia yamandulo?

Yamandulo Russia, nto leyo likomkhulu dolophu intle kunene, yaba udumo aphezulu ehlabathini. Ukuqala karhulumente yokuqala ka-Eastern nokuxubana wagabadela Kievan Rus, ngoko obizwa ngokuba likomkhulu yokuqala isixeko elizukileyo Kiev. Nangona kunjalo, ikomkhulu lase- Prince Kyi akazange kuphela enxibe isihloko. Kwakukho ngaphezulu lee kwabo kunye nezizathu ubukho yabo iya kuphendulwa kwinqaku lethu.

A bit ngesimo

Ngaphambi kokuba uthethe ezo ntloko karhulumente Slavic zamaxesha, amnike ixesha elincinane kunye nesithuba kwiphepha. Russia yamandulo - imfundo kawonke izizwe zasempuma kunye nokumanyana njengenkosana eyayikhona ukusuka 862 ukuya 1240 (Mongol hlaselo). Lubonakala luphuhliso eliphezulu inkcubeko, ubukhulu becala lathathwa Byzantium. Nabayili bezakhiwo, knigopistsy, abaguquleli, abaphengululi, steklovary evela eConstantinople kunye ilizwe elo kuye. Kodwa yezandla abaninzi nabo babeqhelene nokuxubana (ekwenziweni izacholo, elibenze, zomdongwe, ekwenzeni zobugcisa, imithi, njalo njalo), baye waphucula ubuchule babo ngokufunda kumava kwehlabathi, kodwa walondoloza bangoobani. In Russia irekhodi ebhaliweyo godlo esibekiweyo, yaba liziko yokomoya karhulumente, iinkozo kubalwa, ukuba isethi yayo lwemithetho. Kwakhona, iinkosana ezinkulu babeqhelisela imitshato dynastic, inceda ukomeleza igama Russia, kunye nobudlelwane entle amazwe kunye namanye amazwe phambili kakhulu.

Kutheni ezinye izihloko?

Ukuba ulandela nenguqulelo esemthethweni yelogo ye imbali, ikomkhulu yokuqala ka-Russia yamandulo - Kakade ke, Kiev. Unina imizi Russian iye yaba enkulu kunyaka 882, xa phezu Dnieper elunxwemeni, afike Lesiprofeto Oleg kunye Igor bambulala Askold kunye Dir, bambamba amandla. Kwathi ke, ngokutsho Chronicle, esi sixeko yaqikelela nekamva eliqaqambileyo. Kutheni urhulumente enamandla kwakufuneka enye imali? Russia yamandulo, njengokuba sisazi, akuba onamava ikhula phantsi Vladimir umBhaptizi Yaroslav Izazi, waya ukuhla. Ngokuyintloko ngenxa sokulwa ingxabano. oonyana abaninzi nabazukulwana, abazalwana noomalume weenkosana enkulu zilizuzile ilifa lazo - umzi kwiidolophana ezingabamelwane, apho imithetho ngamnye kubo. Kungekudala bekukho ngaphezu ilizwe, yaye abanye babo baye aneliseke koko wanikwa ilifa. Leyo phakathi kwabo aqale ukulwa le ndawo intle kwelanga, ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi of Kiev, leyo wamnika imali engaphezulu kunye nempembelelo. Kodwa abanye ubulawuli (ilifa) babomelele ngakumbi abanye abanamandla, Abathetheli waqukumbela phakathi isivumelwano yaye ngokufuthi ukuya kulwa omnye komnye.

Le umsantsa phakathi oozilawuli bakhula Kiev kancane ikomkhulu lalo ixabiso. Kodwa enkundleni waphuma, kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala, ezibe isixeko iphambili izikumkani yamandulo yamandla. Le Veliky Novgorod, yaye Chernigov, kunye noVladimir kunye Suzdal, kunye galich, yaye kamva eMoscow. Ngoko ke, kule imeko eMpuma nokuxubana yayingekho enye yayilikomkhulu Rus yaMandulo ukuba lukhulu kubo, kungekhona ngenxa nto ebizwa ngokuba 'Gardarika ", ie imizi.

Isixeko capital yokuqala

Ngoko ke oko kuthathwa isixeko iphambili Rus Ancient? Capital kule nombolo enye - lo eKiev, isixeko iyingangamsha kwi Dnieper River, yokuhlala ombaxa ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Yasekwa edume Prince Kiem (okanye zenziwa nje), waba isixeko eziphambili Veschego Olega, ezihlangwini zakhe, Igor kunye nenzala yakhe ukuba Vladimir Monomakh. Emva koko, yena ingqalelo kuphela izalamane ezingundoqo kuphela ngokusesikweni wadlulisela Duke Grand minor. Kodwa emva kokuba ayehlasela AmaTatar yaba liphondo, nto leyo waza wayithimba wokuqala Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ilandelwe yi Rzeczpospolita, impangele.

Rus yamandulo, ikomkhulu eyaziwa ku eKiev, abayinyamekelayo kuphuhliso imizi. Kwisixeko eziphambili iicawa amatye yakhiwe (emva kokuba senziwe ubuKristu), iindonga enqatyisiweyo, wamisa kwesango elitsha, izikolo kunye ifake ababambeleyo. Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo ezininzi ubudala yegolide karhulumente kwaye niwabonileyo namhlanje kwikomkhulu Ukrainian. Oku ikakhulu Golden Gate, St. Sophia Cathedral, ingcamango neSt Michael i-Golden-angqukuva Cathedral, Emnye Church, Vydubychi monastery.

Staraya Ladoga

Kukho omnye umzi okufanele ingqalelo mbali - Staraya Ladoga. Kwabonakala ikomkhulu samandulo Russia inombolo ezimbini ezingaphakathi kwinkulungwane yesibhozo, yaye ngo-862 - kwiminyaka 864 sasilikomkhulu Rurik. Ngokutsho yemicimbi yemihla, emva kokuba inkosana edume bakhonza Novgorod, isixeko ukuba kwixa elizayo banikwe isihloko "Enkulu". Namhlanje uyakwazi ukubona Cathedral kwe kwingcinga ne St George Church, wakha kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi.

Staraya Ladoga namhlanje - i ilali encinane, nto leyo malunga kweminyaka engamakhulu elinambini. izifundo zakudala lwakutshanje kwenza kube lula ukucinga ukuba yokuhlala yasekwa abasuka kumazwe yeYurophu. Yaba iqashiso yokupaka, apho kwakulungiswa iimpahla nokwakha iinqanawa ezintsha,

Rurik yokuhlala e Novgorod

Ikomkhulu yamandulo Russia Ladoga waphulukana umxholo wayo njengoko Rurik wemka ngenxa New Castle, ekumgama omalunga neekhilomitha ukusuka kumbindi wesixeko mihla. Ngoku iyazigatya ezikhumbuzo ezizodwa bobugcisa ngamaxesha amahle, ngenxa yokuba wachukunyiswa ingxokolo Mongol, yaye, ke ngoko, zange ziphangwe, batshatyalaliswa. It Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, Sofia, Cathedral eSt George kaThixo, St. Anthony Monastery, ibandla wethu uMsindisi, wokuzalwa ka nentombi, Annunciation, uPetros noPawulos, eSt Paraskeva-ngoLwesihlanu.

Le abenzi bemilingo nqaba kwenzeka kwixesha kwiriphabliki Novgorod, apho zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngobomi urhulumente hayi Chamber yamkelwe. Kukho 1136 ngo 1478, kunye prostilalas nommandla wayo amakhulu neekhilomitha - ukusuka Urals ukuya kwiBaltic (okanye Viking) elwandle. Kwathi ngezandla, waqhuba urhwebo umsengi, wakha izakhiwo ngamatye, iincwadi ezibhaliweyo yeziKronike.

Namhlanje, Novgorod (ikomkhulu Rus Ancient kunye Novgorod Republic) ingabizwa eMecca abakhenkethi Russia, njengoko ukugcina ubuso nge nenkulungwane.

Vladimir-on-Klyazma

Enye elikomkhulu karhulumente yamandulo Russian kuthathwa Vladimir, leyo kakhulu kwithuba 1243 - 1389 kwiminyaka. Grad Vladimir Monomakh owasekwa ngo-1108, kunye nesiqingatha senkulungwane kamva kwiCEMIS yakhe yokuhlala Andrew Bogolyubskii. Le abenzi bemilingo yeendawo zokuhlala kwenzeka ebukumkanini Vsevolod Nest Big, sayithobela lonke ihlabathi ngaphandle Polotsk kunye Chernigov. Ngaloo xesha uyingangamsha Vladimir bafana Golden Gate, Uspensky kunye Dmitrievsky icawa.

isiphelo

Phantsi amagalelo nokors Batu Khan, ngelishwa, andiyekanga ukuba khona Rus Ancient. Ikomkhulu yalahlekelwa impembelelo yayo iminyaka emininzi yaba ngamanxuwa, umsebenzi wezandla ilityalwe eziye alibangwa kwi-Golden mkhosi. Kodwa ilizwe ngokuthe nokuphola kuvuthelwa enzima, isizukulwana esitsha abantu bakhula ngubani kuqala ingeniswe Mongol idyokhwe, yaye emva koko uwise. Ngenxa yoko, iRussia indiphilisile kwakhona kwaye wangena ixesha elitsha kunye nobuso.