Russia ngenkulungwane ye-16: uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo

ngenkulungwane ye-16 ngo-Russia - ukuyilwa karhulumente esembindini Russian. Yaba ngeli xesha likoyise nokuqhekeka feudal - inkqubo eziphawula uphuhliso endalo feudalism. Cities ukukhula, ukwanda kwabantu, ukuphuhlisa urhwebo kunye nobudlelwane bangaphandle. Utshintsho kwi ubume kwezentlalo noqoqosho kukhokelela kuxhatshazo kungekudala olunzulu abalimi kunye agcina.

Imbali Russia 16-17 leminyaka akukho lula - lelona xesha ukuyilwa sokumiswa, ukwakheka iziseko. Iziganeko igazi yemfazwe, bezama ukuba azikhusele ntlokoma Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunye nexesha elandelayo Troubles efunekayo ngesandla esomeleleyo umanyano Urhulumente wabantu.

Ukuyilwa kwento karhulumente esembindini

IMVELAPHI ubunye eRashiya ukoyisa uqhekeko feudal yavela ngenkulungwane ye-13. Oku oqaphelekayo ingakumbi Vladimir ulawulo, ibekwe emntla-mpuma. Uphuhliso waphazanyiswa ayehlasela Tatar-Mongol, ezo kuphela kwadodobalisa phantsi inkqubo ubunye, kodwa umonakalo elibalulekileyo kubantu Russian. Imvuselelo yaqala kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-14:. Kwakhona kwezolimo, ukwakhiwa kwemizi, nokuyilwa kwamaqhina kwezoqoqosho. Bonke ubunzima ngakumbi wazuza impangele kunye eMoscow, ogama intsimi ukhula ngcembe. Uphuhliso Russia ngenkulungwane ye-16 balandela indlela yokomeleza ukungaboni eklasini. Ukuze ukuba ndizinyathele abalimi, izinduna baba ukusebenza enye, sebenzisa indlela entsha kobudlelwane kwezopolitiko, ukomeleza ofisi engundoqo.

Izinto yesibini ebangele ukuba ubunye oozilawuli lonke igunya - indawo angakhuselekanga nkqubo angaphandle. Ukuze alwe abahlaseli kunye Golden anayo ke kuyimfuneko ukuba bamanyane bonke. Kuphela ngale ndlela Russian elalinokuphumelela intsimi Kulikovo yaye ngenkulungwane ye-15 emva kwexesha. kwakhona ngokupheleleyo i-Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe, eyathatha ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amabini.

Inkqubo ukuyilwa bengatshatanga ichazwe kakhulu kwi kwintsimi Union ngaphambili ithi eyahlukileyo kwenye impangele mkhulu kunye kutshintshwe umbutho wezopolitiko oluntu, uhlobo sokumiswa. Ukusuka kwindawo geographical lwembono, inkqubo yagqitywa yi ekuqaleni c-16., Kodwa izixhobo kwezopolitiko kwasekwa kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini.

Vasily III

Sinokuthi kwenkulungwane ye-16 kwimbali Russia waqalisa ngolawulo Vasily III, lowo wenyuka kwetrone 1505 eneminyaka engama-26. Yena unyana wesibini ka-Ivan III Enkulu. I koMlawuli of All Russia sele etshatile kabini. Kuba okokuqala ummeli yentsapho boyar endala Solomonii Saburovoy (iboniswe ngezantsi - ngokutsha yobuso yoKhakhayi). Umtshato senzeka 09.04.1505, kodwa iminyaka engama-20 sitshatile, kodwa yena Tamare wayengekanikezelwa azale indlalifa. Ndibuhlungu Prince ifuna umtshato. Yena ngokukhawuleza wafumana imvume libandla Boyar Duma. Ityala efanayo balandela abafazi esemthethweni mtshato Ngokubhekiselele woonongendi zibonwe kwimbali Russia.

Umfazi wesibini umlawuli yaba Elena Glinskaya sasivela intsapho endala Lithuanian. Wamzalela oonyana ababini. Ongumhlolokazi ngo-1533, yena ngokoqobo yaguqula inkundla, naseRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-16 okokuqala wafumana ibamba, Noko ke, akukho idumile ngokukodwa izinduna kunye nabantu.

Foreign kunye zasekhaya Politika Vasiliya III, enyanisweni, nokuqhubekeka ngokwendalo izenzo nguyise wakhe, yena ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo kwi-mandla lonke igunya kunye nokomeleza igunya ibandla.

nkqubo yasekhaya

Vasily III wakhuthaza amandla mda ye ukumkani. Kumzabalazo wokulwa kukuqhekeka feudal of Rus kunye nabaxhasi bayo udliwa ngokubonakalayo inkxaso ibandla. Ukusuka abangendawo, ngokulula Uchitha ngokuthumela ekuthinjweni okanye ukuphumeza isohlwayo. kubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo indalo abacinezelayo, buqapheleke nkqu ebutsheni bakhe. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, intsingiselo izinduna entendelezweni liyawa ebonakalayo, kodwa baba ngabafo ukunyuka komhlaba. Xa ukusebenza, yena zathanda Josephites-nkqubo zecawa.

Ngowe-1497 Vasily III lamkele Code omtsha uMthetho yayisekelwe kwinyaniso Russian,-siseko kunye Charter yezeeJaji, izigwebo kwiintlobo ezithile zemibuzo. Yaba uludwe lwemithetho, yaye wadalwa nokumisa neyokucwangcisa ezikhoyo ngexesha umthetho kwaye njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo le lonke igunya. Umlawuli luxhaswe ukwakhiwa, kule minyaka kolawulo lwakhe zakhiwa iNgelosi Cathedral, Church of ukwenyuka e Kolomna, zokuhlala ezintsha, iinqaba iinqaba. Ukongeza, ukuba iyasebenza kwakunye uyise, waya 'ukuqokelela' kumazwe Russian, annexing kwiriphabliki Pskov, Ryazan.

Ubudlelwane kunye Kazan Khanate phantsi Basil III

nkqubo angaphandle eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-16, yaye ngakumbi ncam, kwisiqingatha sokuqala ubukhulu becala kubonisa ngaphakathi. I noMlawuli wazama ukudibanisa kangangoko umhlaba kunokwenzeka, ukuba sizithobe ukuba urhulumente kazwelonke ukuba, enyanisweni, ithathwe kuloyiso imimandla emitsha. Kokuba kusetyenzwe anayo Golden, Russia phantse nangoko wahamba lohlaselo kwi Khanate, kwakheka ngenxa yokuwa kwayo. ETurkey Krymskoe Hanstvo eboniswe umdla e Kazan, eRashiya edalwa ukubaluleka ngenxa ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nendawo yayo elungileyo qhinga, kodwa ngenxa Usongo ukudliwa. Zokulindela ukufa Ivan III ngo-1505 Kazan Khan ke ngequbuliso waqalisa imfazwe leyo eyaqhubeka de 1507 emva ilahleko eziliqela Russian kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele, uze emva koko ukwenza uxolo. Imbali wasiphinda ngokwayo kwi-1522-1523 biennium., Ke ngoko ngo-1530-1531 gg. Kazan Khanate akazange anikezele de andizanga itrone Ivan Grozny.

Russian-Lithuanian War

Isizathu imbambano wamajoni - Umnqweno eMoscow prince ukoyiswa kwaye uthabathe ulawulo lonke ilizwe Russian, kwakunye ukuzama ka Lithuania ukuba revenge for ngokoyiswa kule minyaka 1500-1503 edlulileyo, endiwazuze zakhe ilahleko amalungu 1-3 yonke imimandla .. Russia ngenkulungwane ye-16, emva kokuba amandla Basil III, owayekwimeko nkqubo angaphandle kunokuba nzima. Ukubandezeleka bahlulwa Kazan Khanate, kwanyanzeleka ukuba alwe Duchy of Lithuania, utyikitye isivumelwano kunye anti-Russian iCrimea khan.

Imfazwe yaqala ngenxa yokusilela ukuzalisekisa myalelo ka Basil III (ukubuyiswa komhlaba) ngehlobo lowe-1507 emva kokuba kuhlaselwe Bryansk kunye Chernigov ilizwe umkhosi Lithuanian kunye Upper Oka oozilawuli - iCrimea nangezinto. Ngowe-1508 abalawuli sele iqalile iingxoxo kunye utyikitye isivumelwano uxolo ubulawuli Lithuanian eyayibuyiselwe phantsi apho Lyublich indawo.

War engama-1512-1522. Kuye ube nokuqhubekeka ubhalo kwembambano yangaphambili phezu mmandla. Nangona uxolo kuso phakathi amaqela langoku kakhulu, baqhubeka kuphangwa, ukungqubana emideni. Isizathu sokuba amanyathelo yaba kokufa Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Lithuania, engudade Basil III of Helena. Grand Duchy of Lithuania asayina isivumelwano kunye iCrimea Khanate omnye umbutho, emva koko isiqalo emva kwexesha ukuze enze behlasela amaninzi ngo-1512 Russian Prince eyathatha I wathi imfazwe, wabeka phambili imikhosi yazo engundoqo ku ESmolensk. WO kwiminyaka elandelayo, kunye namaqondo awohlukeneyo yempumelelo uthotho maphepha. Enye iimfazwe ezinkulu kwenzeka kufuphi Orsha Septemba 8, 1514 ngo-1521, omabini amacala unezinye imiba nkqubo amazwe, kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuba benze uxolo iminyaka emi-5. Ngokwesivumelwano, Russia ngenkulungwane ye-16 zafumana ilizwe ESmolensk, kodwa wala Vitebsk, Polotsk naseKiev, kwakunye ukubuya amabanjwa emfazwe.

Ivan IV (esibi)

Vasily III wafa sesi sifo, xa unyana wakhe omdala wayeneminyaka-3 kuphela ubudala. Ebona ekulweleni ezilandelayo ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi (ngexesha lo mlawuli abaninawa ababini uAndrew uYuri Staritskogo Dmitrov) kwakhe kufa kunye, idala i "sedmochislennuyu" nokugunyaziswa izinduna. Ukuba kwakufuneka ukugcina Ivan phambi engama-15. Enyanisweni, i Board of Trustees sele ngamandla malunga nonyaka, waza waqalisa uqhawuke. Russia ngenkulungwane ye-16 (1545) wafumana umlawuli ngokupheleleyo ukumkani wokuqala kwimbali yayo, emntwini Ivan IV, eyaziwa emhlabeni phantsi igama Ivan labangcangcazelisi. Kwifoto ngasentla - umfanekiso ngokutsha shape intamo.

Akunakwenzeka singasathethi usapho lwakhe. Ababhali-mbali ezahlukeneyo kwamanani, ukubiza amagama abafazi 6 okanye 7, abo ingqalelo nabafazi bokumkani. Abanye wafa eku twisiseni, abanye elubhacweni eMonastri. Ivan Grozny wazala abantwana abathathu. Senior (Ivan kunye Fedor) bazalwa umfazi wakhe wokuqala, omncinane (Dmitriy Uglitsky) ukusuka yokugqibela - M.F.Nagoy, leyo wadlala indima enkulu kwimbali yelizwe ebudeni bexesha iingxaki.

Uhlaziyo Ivana Groznogo

Umgaqo-nkqubo yangaphakathi ye Russia ngenkulungwane ye-16 ebudeni bolawulo Ivan labangcangcazelisi kunjalo ingqalelo kulo lonke igunya, kwakunye nokwakhiwa amaziko ezibalulekileyo zoluntu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, libambisene ne "ezikhethiweyo rada" uKumkani, uthotho iinguqulelo. Eyona zezi zilandelayo.

• Umbutho we Zemsky Sobor ngo-1549 njengoko amaziko ephezulu ngokuphathelele-ummeli. Kulo zanikezelwa zonke iiklasi ngaphandle zaba balimi.
• Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-Sudebnik entsha 1550, baqhubeka umgaqo-nkqubo isenzo esemthethweni elidlulileyo, kwaye okokuqala wabhalisa efanayo kubo bonke iyunithi irhafu yomlinganiselo.
• Lipstick nokuguqulwa komhlaba 50 Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16.
• imiyalelo inkqubo Formation in t. H. eZikhalazo, Streletskii, eziprintiweyo, njalo-njalo. D.

angaphandle Russia ebudeni bolawulo Ivana Groznogo yaphuhliswa ngeendlela ezintathu: umzantsi - ekulweni iCrimea Khanate, empuma - ukwandiswa imida karhulumente kunye entshonalanga - umzabalazo sokufikelela kuLwandle lweBaltic.

empumalanga

Emva kokuba ngokuwa Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, isisongelo rhoqo kumazwe Russian wadala Astrakhan kunye Kazan Khanate ezandleni zabo zigxile kwindlela yorhwebo iVolga. Total I. Grozny liqalise amaphulo abathathu bebambene Kazan, ngenxa yokugqibela, yokuthatyathwa ezikhukhula (1552). Astrakhan yadibana kweminyaka 4 kamva, ngo-1557 ngokuzithandela kurhulumente Russian wajoyina uninzi Bashkortostan kunye Chuvashia, uze ulwalamano lwabo wayeyiqonda Nogai mkhosi. Yaphela kanjalo imbali wamagazi. Russia ngenkulungwane ye-16 emva kwexesha wavula indlela yayo eSiberia. mveliso abazizityebi abaye bafumana zineencwadi ezivela ezandleni zokumkani okufumana imihlaba kwi r.Tobol, ngeendleko kuthwala squad Cossacks yakhe yokuzikhethela, elikhokelwa Ermak waba.

entshonalanga

Kwiinzame ukuzuza ukufikelela kwi koLwandle iBaltic kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo (1558-1583.) Ivan IV wayonwabile Livonian War olunzima. ekuqaleni kwayo wayehamba nempumelelo kwiphulo Russian, yokuthatyathwa yi imizi-20, kuquka Narva kunye Dorpat, abantu besondela Tallinn kunye Riga. I Livonian Order wavuthululwa nguSirayeli, kodwa imfazwe iye yafumana indalo elide, njengoko wachaphazeleka kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu. ukubaluleka elikhulu edlalwe yi-Union of Lithuania kunye Poland kwi-Commonwealth Polish-Lithuanian. Le meko ke isiqalo esitsha icala, yaye emva ijamelene elide ngo-1582 i-ukuxolelana lwagqitywa kangangeminyaka eli-10. sivumelwano emva konyaka ukuba esisayiniweyo plussa phantsi apho eRashiya walahlekelwa Livonia, kodwa wabuyela zonke izixeko ezifakwe ngaphandle Polotsk.

Emzantsi

Emzantsi, waqhubeka haunted emva kokuwa Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, Krymskoe Hanstvo. Umsebenzi ophambili karhulumente kweli cala kukomeleza imida ukusuka iyangena iCrimea nangezinto. Ukulungiselela le njongo, isenzo sokuphuhlisa asendle Wild sele zenziwe. Baqala ukuvela umgca wokhuselo lokuqala, okt. E. olufihlayo umgca kobutyobo amaplanga, phakathi apho emi ngeenyembe yeplanga (amandla) ngokukodwa kunye Tula Belgorodskaia.

Fyodor mna kumkani

Ivan Grozny wafa Matshi 18, 1584. Iimeko sifo yasebukhosini ibizwa zibe lidilizwe mbali unanamhla. Yena elandelwa unyana wakhe Fyodor Ivanovich, ilunge emva kokufa, unyana wakhe omkhulu Ivan. Xa amazwi Ivan labangcangcazelisi; waba kakhulu yedwa, nokuzila ukudla, sifaneleke ngakumbi kwinkonzo ibandla kunokuba ngukumkani. Ababhali-mbali ngokuqhelekileyo badla ukukholelwa ukuba impilo enkenenkene nengqondo. Kulawulo loluntu, ukumkani omtsha akwanelanga. Waye phantsi kogcino le izinduna nezidwangube kuqala, uze emva koko umntakwabo-yakhe entsha Boris Godunov. Ubukumkani yokuqala, kwaye eyesibini - wagidima, kwaye wonke umntu babeyazi loo nto. Fyodor I wafa ngoJanuwari 7, 1598, kungasali inzala, yaye baphazamise Moscow Rurik Minor.

Russia Ekuveleni kweenkulungwane 16-17, waphelelwa enzulu yentlalo-qoqosho nopolitiko, nto leyo ebe negalelo ekukhuleni kukho ixesha elide War Livonian oprichnina kunye Tatar lokuhlasela. Ekugqibeleni zonke ezi zinto kwakhokelela ekubeni ngexesha zizinto ezimbi, kuqalwa umlo ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi engenanto.