Roma imvelaphi, abameli balo

Roma, Roma, Roma - abantu ngokwemveli itinerant ekuqaleni evela North India, isasazeke ehlabathini lonke, ikakhulu eYurophu.

Ulwimi imvelaphi

Uninzi Roma abathetha ukumeka Roma, nto leyo ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene lwimi zaseYurophu Indo-mihla emntla Indiya, kwakunye njengolwimi ephambili ilizwe abaphila kulo. Kukholelwa ukuba eli qela Roma wamshiya India amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye kwinkulungwane XI baba wasePersi, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV. - e South-eMpuma Yurophu, yaye ngenkulungwane XV. bafikelelwa Western Europe. Yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. baye kwalutyhutyha onke amazwekazi omiweyo.

Ubuso Roma abaninzi bazibize elinye igama eliqhelekileyo "rum" (Oko kukuthi "umntu" okanye "indoda"), kwaye onke non-Roma - elithi "Gadjo" okanye "gadzho" (igama ezinxulumene ngabeka, gama elo elithetha "hillbilly" okanye "ngumbharbhari" ). Abaninzi Roma bakholelwa igama "angamaGypsy" ekhubekisayo.

sabantu

Ngenxa yokuba indlela yabo yokuphila, ukunqongophala data ubalo ezisemthethweni, kwakunye njengokuhlanganisa kunye namanye amaqela amadlelo, uvavanyo inombolo yehlabathi lilonke Roma iphakathi kwabantu ababini anantlanu million. Akukho manani ethembekileyo ngokusekelwe ingxelo manqapha kumazwe ahlukeneyo engenakufunyanwa. Uninzi Roma sisahlala eYurophu, ingakumbi kumazwe slavyanogovoryaschih woMbindi Yurophu kunye kwiiBalkans. Abaninzi kubo bahlala Czech Republic naseSlovakia, iHungary, awayesakuba yiYugoslavia kunye angabamelwane Bulgaria naseRomania.

abafakwa engunaphakade

Nemvukelo the Gypsies ephila zidla azingqinelani nesibakala sokuba kancinci kancinci kubo ngokwenene rhoqo ayahamba. Noko ke, uhambo lwabo lilinganiselwe. Zonke abameli ephila Roma imvelaphi ukuthutha ecaleni kweendlela kuzinza ngoyaba imida yesizwe. ke ziyabalandela nomxokelelwane usapho okanye amaqhina yezizwe.

Roma ukuthambekela ngendlela loonothwal yokuphila yabangela yi mthetho ubundlobongela okanye ukugxothwa. kweminyaka 80 emva kokuvela yokuqala Western Europe ngenkulungwane ye-15 ukuba bagxothwa phantse onke amazwe Western Europe. Ngaphandle kokuba abaninzi Roma waba unobangela intshutshiso indlela kunye kumazwe aphesheya, i-Roma, Noko ke, waqhubeka kuvela uhlobo olunye okanye kwelinye kumazwe bamshiyile.

izinto utshutshiso

Onke amaqela umhambi kuluntu abahlala phakathi kwezizwe yokuhlala kubonakala ukuba lula ibhaxa. Kunjalo kunjalo kunye Roma, apho abantu balapha rhoqo otyholwa mthetho ezininzi, ukuba Njengengabula-zigcawu ngokuphathelele phambili ukuxhatshazwa esesikweni zomthetho. ubuhlobo babo nabasemagunyeni host country eziphawulwe ngokuba yi eziphikisanayo ezilandelelanayo. imithetho esemthethweni zazisoloko ejolise nokwenziwa zabo, okanye wanyanzeleka ukuba umzimba, kodwa abasemagunyeni baye ngendlela waphika kubo ilungelo kwaphuka iintente zawo.

Ngexesha Holocaust Roma nandzu kuphela zabo esiRomany ubuzwe. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba abulale 400,000 Roma ngamaNazi.

umthetho French abakamazi uthintela eme inkampu bazenzela phantsi kweliso lamapolisa, rhafu kwaye abizelwe emkhosini njengabemi abaqhelekileyo.

Spain naseWales - la mazwe mabini, adla ezicatshulwe njengemizekelo ithi apho Roma baba ungenzi nto, ukuba kufakwe ngokupheleleyo.

Kutshanje, kwinkampu yali kumazwe eMpuma Yurophu baye bazama ukuphumeza inkqubo yokuhlaliswa ngenkani, eyenzelwe ukuba aphelise indlela yabo yokuphila.

umsebenzi lwesigypsy

Ngokwemveli, i-Roma abandakanyeke kumsebenzi eyayibenza ukugcina indlela loonothwal yobomi, kuhlala kwimida ethile yoluntu. La madoda abarhwebi iinkomo, abaqeqeshi kunye namagcisa, tinkers, ngensimbi, iingcibi nokulungiswa impahla zamakhitshi kunye neemvumi; umfazi uyazibuza wathengisa potions, ingqiba yaye bamkela abaphulaphuli.

Ngaphambi kokufika amayeza lwezilwanyana, abalimi abaninzi babefuna Roma ukuba uxhumane nabo kwimicimbi kwezilwanyana kunye impilo.

ubomi Modern kwawo ibonakalisa 'inkqubela' yehlabathi Hajiyev. Uhambo ngoku lizimisele imiqodi-mafutha, iilori neenqwelo ezirhuqwayo, kunye norhwebo nemfuyo indawo yayo yathathwa yi yokuthengisa izithuthi ezisetyenziswayo neenqwelo ezirhuqwayo. Nangona ngobuninzi nempahla ikhitshi, kwaye silungise lasekhohlo ngaphandle emsebenzini, ezinye Roma ezidolophini baye ubucukubhede auto nokulungisa imizimba imoto. Ukuba abanye abantu Roma abaninzi usenokuphila indlela loonothwal yobomi, abaninzi baye kuhlala, besebenzisa ubuchule bakho okanye ukusebenza njengoko abasebenzi. zonwabise abahambahambayo kunye neepaki kusonwabisa kwakhona inike Roma yanamhlanje njengabaqeqeshi, abathengisi kwivenkilana kunye thamsanqa ithamsanqa.

usapho

umkhaya wamaRoma Classical iquka isibini esitshatileyo kunye nabantwana babo kwabangazekanga nabangendanga, kunye nonyana otshatileyo ubuncinane omnye, umfazi wakhe nabantwana babo. Emva kokuba umtshato isibini oselula sihlala nabazali indoda njengoko umfazi oselula akayazi indlela yobomi yentsapho yendoda yakhe. Ngokusesikweni, ngexesha xa unyana omdala uya kuba ukulungele ukuhamba kunye nosapho lwakhe, unyana omncinane ukuba atshate aze akhokele usapho umfazi wakhe omtsha. umtshato ngaphambili uye ngokwemveli walungelelanisa amadoda amakhulu usapho okanye iqela ukomeleza lwezopolitiko nomini kunye nezinye iintsapho, amaqela, okanye, ngamanye amaxesha, Indebe yeNtlanganisela, nangona ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, eli siko liye lehla kakhulu. Eyona iphambili kwimitshato kwawo ukuba uhlawula ikhazi abazali umtshakazi ngayo abazali umyeni.

izizwe

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo Roma imvelaphi zigqitywa iiyantlukwano yengingqi, okugunyaziswe iimpawu ezithile zenkcubeko dialectal. Kukho ezintathu amasebe eziphambili, okanye uhlanga, Roma:

• Kelderari - Kotljary-tinkers, owayevela kwiiBalkans yaye emva koko e Central eYurophu, nto leyo ke amaninzi kakhulu.
• Iberia Roma, okanye zhitanos - Roma imvelaphi, ogama amalungu bahlala becala kwi Iberia, North Afrika kunye kumazantsi eFransi. Namandla ubugcisa zokuzonwabisa.
• Manush (ukusuka manouche French), eyaziwa ngokuba ahlala - Roma imvelaphi, ogama amalungu bahlala ubukhulu becala Alsace kunye neminye imimandla eFransi naseJamani. Abaninzi kubo showmen abahambahambayo yaye isekisi.

Ngamnye Roma imvelaphi yahlulwe emibini okanye ngaphezulu nomnye, engafani emsebenzini obungcali okanye indawo imvelaphi.

ngumbutho wezopolitiko

Andizange wadala ngokusesikweni akukho umzimba, kwinkongolo anyulwe akukho "kumkani" lizifumane zonke Roma, nangona ngeenkongolo "ngamazwe" of Gypsies kwenzeka eMunich, eMoscow, Bucharest, Sofia (1906) kwaye kwisixeko Polish Ruvne (in 1936). Kunjalo, ubukho amagunya ezopolitiko e Roma sisiganeko lusekiwe. mhlawumbi Abo bafumana izihloko ezindilekileyo, ezifana "Duke" okanye "Count", kwimbali bakhe nabantu basekuhlaleni, kwakungekho ngaphezu amaqela Atamans ukuba lihamba ngendlela imali ukususela-10 ukuya kumakhaya amakhulu eziliqela. Ezi nkokheli (oomantyi) banyulwa ubomi phakathi kwiintsapho abadumileyo. amandla abo kunye namandla azifani kuxhomekeka kwinani imibutho, izithethe kunye nobudlelwane namanye amaqumrhu ngaphakathi Confederation.

Voivod waba unondyebo leqela, imisela indlela zemfuduko yayo kwaye bathatha inxaxheba thethwano nabasemagunyeni kamasipala. Yena ekhokelwa libhunga abadala, naye wacebisana umbutho umakhulu. Impembelelo yalo yokugqibela akomelela, ingakumbi ngokumalunga isiphelo kwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana, kwaye zisekelwe phezu mandla anawo ukufumana nokucwangcisa abafazi ngaphakathi kwiqela.

ulawulo loluntu

amaziko Strong zolawulo loluntu le-Roma nobuzwe waba 'Chris' - yomthetho wesintu kunye nobulungisa, kwakunye namaqela kwisiko kunye nenkundla. Roma aba sisiseko ikhowudi olubanzi ukunyaniseka, setekisi ukukhothana ngaphakathi kwiqumrhu eyaziwayo kwezopolitiko. Lo mqathango otshatsheleyo zeNkundla isohlwayo, eyayisingethe zonke iimbambano kunye ukunyhashwa kweKhowudi, waba amsongele kwelo qela. isigwebo amakheswa akwazi ngaphandle umntu inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ethile, size ndimohlwayele esenza umsebenzi ngeli lixa ihlayo eyabangenazakhono. Kwezinye iimeko, abadala ukusiphatha kwimeko yesiqhelo, kulandele uxolelaniso iholide.

nohlelo lwezentlalo

Amaqela Roma kuquka Vic, t. e. imibutho eyandisiweyo kusapho imvelaphi eqhelekileyo, zombini zooyise yomama, uniko manani abantu ubuncinane 200. Uninzi Vitsa unokuba intloko yayo kunye nebhunga. Ukuze inxaxheba vice, ungenza ibango ngenxa yokuba umtshato lilungu sodidi. Ukunyaniseka kunye nentsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho kulindeleke kwinqanaba ya ndyangu kunokuba kwinqanaba vitsy. I Romani ulwimi ligama lohlobo oluthile ngendlu. Umntu mhlawumbi ukubala uluhlu inkxaso lezalamane efanelekileyo, naye lowo ikukuvala kwaye ayikho kwiingxabano.

iinkolelo ngokomoya

Roma musa ukuba ukholo esemthethweni, yaye kwixesha elidluleyo, ukuba adla wadeleka unqulo. Namhlanje, i-Roma badla baphathwa unqulo luthethwayo kwelo lizwe ahlala kuyo, kwaye bazichaza ngokwezito 'ezininzi iinkwenkwezi saa emehlweni kaThixo. " Amanye amaqela amaKatolika, amaSilamsi, abakwaMoya, amaProtestanti, iTshetshi namaBhaptizi.

Roma bagcine iseti oluntsonkothileyo imithetho elawula izinto ezifana nokuqoqosheka, ucoceko, intlonelo, isidima kunye nobulungisa. Le migaqo ibizwa ngokuba "Roman". Romano kuthetha ukuba baziphathe ngesidima nentlonipho, njengoko abantu Roma. "Romanipen" - igama angamaGypsy urhulumente wabo.

abagcini lamasiko

Roma kukuthi zokusasaza ezithandwayo iinkolelo nezenzo kwimimandla apho yokuhlala (umzekelo, Romania), ukugcinwa kuzwelonke namasiko, bengqungqa yaye iindawo ezifana nezo, ubukhulu becala iyanyamalala abasemaphandleni ebomini Ekuveleni xxi kwekhulu. ilifa labo zomculo kakhulu kwaye kubandakanya, umzekelo, flamenco. Nangona Roma ube abanamasiko ngomlomo, uncwadi ebhaliweyo uneventful kwalo kakhulu.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi, i-Roma kuqhubeka bazamazamana kuphikisana inkcubeko yabo. Nangona yokuba beye ngaphantsi bazikhusele abahlukunyezwa nakuwubona kuluntu, ezinye ukungathembani kunye nobuhlanga iintsalela. Mhlawumbi nangakumbi ingxaki ngazo senze, waye ukhukhuliseko indlela yabo yokuphila phantsi kwempembelelo mzi uluntu kwezoqoqosho. Izihloko intsapho nokunyaniseka yobuhlanga, eyayixhaphakile umculo i-Roma, wanceda kulondolozwe ezinye ngcamango yokuba yintoni na kwawo imvelaphi, kodwa ezinye izalathi aselula aneziphiwo yale umculo iphenjelelwa mivuzo eziphathekayo wentsinana kwihlabathi ngaphandle. izindlu ngabanye, bazimele kwezoqoqosho, kunye njengokutshata Nerom aqheleka kakhulu.