Iphecana - yintoni na? Inkcazo, imizekelo

Kule ncwadi, kunye nenkulumo yentetho, igama elithi "iphecana" lifumaneka. Yintoni le, yintoni inkcazo enokunikezelwa kule ngcamango? Kukho indawo ezininzi kwintsimi yaseRashiya, egameni apho kukho amagama-indawo, indawo zokuphumla, izinto zendalo. Kukho ezininzi ukuchazwa kwezi ngcaciso.

Ingcamango

Ngomxholo oqhelekileyo, intsingiselo ethile isetyenziswe kwigama elinikeziweyo, elithetha ukuba linokuba yinxalenye yendawo ehlukileyo kwintsimi ejikelezile. Ngendlela efana ngayo eli gama libhekiselele kwiidolophana ezishiyekileyo, ezingalunganga ukusuka kwinqanaba leengcamango zemihlaba. Ngamanye amaxesha le nto ingaba negama "eligqithisiweyo", uhlobo oluthile lomhlaba phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa ukulondoloza imbali nokudlulisa ulwazi lomhlaba kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo.

Kwijografi, eli gama libhekiselele kwinkqubo ye-conjugate yezinto ezisemgangathweni-umhlaba, ulawulo lwamanzi, iiflora, inyama, i-microclimate. Ukuba ukhangeleka kwimaphu kwaye uqikelele izinto ezininzi eziphawulwe "ur.", Uyabona ukuba ezi ndawo zizimeleyo ezahlukileyo kwiindawo ezikufuphi-ihlathi elincinane kwintsimi, umda phakathi kwendawo ehlala ehlathini, indawo enqabileyo, njl. Iiphecana ezibonakaliswe ngokucacileyo kwiimeko ze-relief relief - kunye neenduli kunye neendlambo, iinqonga kunye nemigodi. Ngabo bonke ulwahlulo lwesakhiwo, bonke banayo i-intanethi yezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezizibeka phakathi kwezinye iinkqubo zendawo.

Utshintsho kumaphecana

Iiphecana ziyunithi ephantsi kakhulu yokucwangciswa kwemvelo kunye neendawo. Ngokwendawo abahlala kuyo, zinokubakho eziphambili (iindawo eziqhelekileyo kwilizwe) kunye nabangaphantsi (ubuncinane obukhulu). Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi ndawo ezizimeleyo zemihlaba ayinayo imida ethile, kwenzeka ukuba le mizila ingaguquki. Iingcamango zenyama kunye neendawo zendawo yamaphephancwadi zibonisa ukuba ngaphantsi kwexesha lehlabathi lingatshintsha - imilambo iyatshintsha indlela, imifula iyachithwa yi-meltwater, imithambeka iyancipha. Kwakhona, indawo enemihlaba, ekuthiwa ihlala ngamaphecana, ingabanjwa kunye nezakhiwo zanamhlanje. Ngaloo ndlela, umda wendalo uyinto echaseneyo, kuba ababalawuli bamaphunga banomdla wokufunda isifundo.

Bahlali

Udoti yincinci encinane yeemeko ze-conjugate, okuyiyo into enyanzelekileyo yenkqubo ye-landscape. Leli gama lacetywa ngo-1952, laqaliswa yenzululwazi yendawo kunye nomgca wolwazi lwendawo, uGqirha weeNdawo zeDiographical DL Armand. Ngokomzekelo, iinkqubo ezisemthambekeni weenduli, kummandla we-interfluve okanye i-floodplain, ephantsi kweengxube zendalo-zendalo, ezixhomekeke ngokusondeleyo kwiqela elithile leenkalo, ezibonakaliswe ngokugqithiselelana okukhulu kwezinto, zingakhokelela kumzekelo we-sub-eruption.

Uhlobo lwehlathi

Iphepha eliqhelekileyo kwi-plane yiplani yintsimi yehlathi ephakathi kwimihlaba okanye amanxweme. Kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko - ihlathi elikude, kodwa ngolunye uhlobo lomhlaba, kunye nolawulo olulodwa lwamanzi, izityalo ezifanayo ziyi-facies. Iphecana liya kuthiwa indawo yintsimi apho iifom zokhuseleko, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, inhlabathi eyahlukeneyo - umzekelo, ihlathi elixubekileyo, elihlala kwindawo eneendawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinobuninzi, indawo ezinamaqhina kwimimandla yamanzi.

Iidolophana ezilahlekileyo

Phakathi kwabazingeli bezinto eziphathekayo kunye nabathandi bemilinganiselo yamandulo, inzala kwimimandla elahlayo ayiyi buthathaka. Indawo ethembekileyo ngokufumana ukufumana umdla onomdla yiphepha. Yintoni na? Ngaphambili, emva kokuhlala kwindawo yokuhlala (ukulungiswa kwempahla, ifama, njl.), Ishiyiwe kwaye iphela. Le ngcaciso ibandakanya izibonelelo ezingafumanekiyo ezilahlekelwe yimizi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibukeka njenge-glade, eninzi nemithi yamandulo okanye ekhethiweyo phakathi kweendlela zehlathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo unako ukudibana kule mimandla yabantu abanezixhobo zetsimbi kunye nezixhobo zokuvakasha, abalandeli bemali yokukhangela.

Iinjongo zokukhangela zithi uphawu oluphambili lokufuna uphumelelo lwendawo luhlaza ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa namanye amasayithi (oku kubungqina bemiyezo yemifuno ehlanjelwe ngaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala yabantu, ngoko ke ixabiso). Iidolophini ezishiyiweyo zommandla yaseLeningrad zithandeka kakhulu kubafunayo ubuncwane obulahlekileyo - ngenxa yokusebenza kwempi, indawo enabantu abaninzi ikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza ngabemi, kungekhona isithuba sokubuyisela izinto ezixabisekileyo. Ukukhangela izinto zangaphambili kwiindawo ezinjalo kuvelisa.

Ngoko, iphecana - yintoni na? Kwiindawo ezinabantu abahlala ngaphantsi - oku kuphawulekayo kwaye luncedo. Ukuqonda okulula, eli ligama elisemthethweni lendawo ethile, edla ngokudibanisa nembali yayo. Iidolophini ezishiyiweyo zeNgingqi yaseLeningrad (ezingakabi "ngamaphecana") zifumaneka rhoqo kwiinkcazo zeendawo ezininzi ezithandekayo, iingxelo zenkqubela, kwiingcali ezisebenza nomsebenzi onxulumene nomhlaba. Inendima ebalulekileyo yokuqhelaniswa kwendawo edlalwa ngamaphecana abachazi-bembali beendawo, abavubukuli, i-geologists, abaxhamli.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamaphecana

Ukungafani kwiimeko zemvelo, imida yemvelo ingasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwezolimo, izithuba ezicwangcisiweyo zingasetyenziselwa umhlaba ohlazileyo, kwaye zidibanise imifula - njengamadlelo, umhlaba okanye amahlathi, iziseko zokutya. Njengento eyodwa, ibaluleke njengento yendalo kwaye ingaba yindawo ekhuselekile.

Ngenxa yoko, iindawo ezihlukeneyo ezihlukeneyo kwimihlaba yindawo. Yintoni, kwifomu efumaneke kakhulu yokuqonda, ichaza ijografi. Oku kubonakala kakuhle kwindawo apho iphecana lihlala khona kwisikwere kwi-convex okanye i-concave relief (intaba okanye ingqongquthela), kwindawo ehambelana nomhlaba kwaye iyadibaniswa yizityalo eziqhelekileyo, ukuhlambalaza, izilwane kunye nezinye izinto eziphathekayo.