Qala yoshicilelo

Ukuveliswa yoshicilelo, ngenxa kwamathandabuzo ekudaleni ndaba wokushicilela. Esi siganeko ithathwa sokulwela inguqu kwimbali ishishini ncwadi. Qalisa yoshicilelo wanika negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lokufunda nokubhala. Oku kungenxa ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza bubulumko babantu, kwiinkulungwane kopivsheysya indalo zenkcubeko. Phakathi labantu emhlabeni liye lenyuka kakhulu banxanelwe ukufunda, nto leyo ebe negalelo kuphuhliso lolwazi izithethe.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba fyabo na ushicilelo isiganeko Umshini kulogo. Zonke izinto zayo abhalwe ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ukusebenza umatshini kuthatha ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Kukho iindidi ulwazi malunga owaqala yoshicilelo. Eli bali lichaza yemifuniselo yokuqala ishishini ncwadi e Korea, Mongolia, iJapan, China, sele kwiinkulungwane 10-11. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, ngokwenene le ncwadi, amaxesha amaninzi kangaka kuchazwe, ukuya ngoku ayifikelelekanga. yoko kucingwa ukuba ekuqaleni yokushicilela lwaqaliswa yi Johannes Gutenberg (1399-1468). Ngokuhlanganisa technologies ezahlukeneyo, ekhoyo ngoko ke imveliso, wasungula indlela ngokupheleleyo ngexesha wokupapashwa le ncwadi. Okokuqala, Guttenberg yaba ngunozala ifonti entsha. Kunokuba loonobumba ngamnye sele isetyenzisiwe umfanekiso njengesipili esityhidiweyo uyafa. Bona zilayishwe ukuya isitya sobhedu, emathambekeni bazaliswa intsila okhethekileyo, oluqulathe kwistibhiya, nelothe nenkcenkce. Ngaloo ndlela, kungenzeka ukuba lokubumba amagama nonobumba isambuku.

Guttenberg ngo-1450 waqala ukuzivakalisa uguqulelo epheleleyo weBhayibhile (yokuqala eYurophu). Phakathi 1452 m ne-m 1454 (njengoko imithombo eyahlukeneyo) wakwazi ukushicilela edition umgca-42 a. IBhayibhile wabelithiyiwe ngenxa yokuba zonke page (onke amaphepha ziye 1282) inomgca 42 kwimiqolo emibini.

Abafundi Gutenberg (Pannartst kunye Svengeym) waqalisa ukuhamba fyabo wokushicilela iteknoloji eYurophu. Ngoko ke, ukuqala bokushicilela negalelo ekudalweni isebe elitsha inkcubeko kunye nemveliso ngexesha elinye - ishishini lokushicilela. Ngenxa yokuba ingqikelelo ye "lokushicilela" ebengekho ngelo xesha, ithathe imbono elitsha ishishini okukhethekile ngokupheleleyo, kubandakanywa intengiso iincwadi ezivenkileni kwi oomatshini bokushicilela.

Nakule koshishino zokupapasha ngo-1500 uthathwa elilwela. Kweli nqanaba, imveliso ncwadi zande, nangona iindleko kunokuba phezulu. Ngelo efanayo ixesha ngaphambi 1500 ncwadi ebizwa ngokuba "incunabula" - ekuveliseni 'ezalwa "lencwadi, kwakhululwa kamva kulo nyaka, siye safumana igama" palaeotypes "-" iincwadi ubudala. "

Qala ushicilelo eRashiya busuka emva kunyaka 1550. Nangona irhuluneli Ivan Grozny, owaba inkxaso ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso yazo. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, iincwadi zokuqala zaye zakhutshwa, "gama" (awuqulathanga i data ifayileyemveliso). Ngoko ke, imbali ezingabhaliweyo i data kwi wokushicilela wokuqala.

Kukholelwa ukuba Ivan Fedorov waba umshicileli yokuqala eRashiya. Babakhulula, "uMpostile," Matshi 1, 1564 singezantsi singangumzekelo zokushicilelwa vutshila ixesha. Le ncwadi ukhululeka phantsi kwephiko kunye imiyalelo Metropolitan Macarius. Le papasho ngoguqulelo classic abalandeli imfundiso yamaKristu kaKristu. It yenzelwe incwadi for amanani zonqulo.

Ngowe-1565, Fedorov endaweni nabancedisi Petrom Mstislavtsem wakhululwa waba incwadi ethandwayo ngakumbi "Breviary." Ngenxa yoko, kwaba sisiqalo yazo Russian. Abalandeli Fedorov emva kokukhululwa "Psalms." Ngenkulungwane B16 jikelele iincwadi elinethoba zapapashwa Moscow endlwini yoshicilelo. Kamva, iye yandiswa indlu sokushicilela karhulumente. Oko yaqala ukusebenza bajonga iimpazamo, abahleli kunye nezinye iingcali.