Umgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR ngo-1953-1964 gg. History of the USSR

Uhlaziyo loMgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle eSoviet Union emva kokufa kukaStalin. Xa nenani-50. Malenkov wathetha 'yokulahla' ukugogeka wezangaphandle. Thina elandelayo siqwalasele iimpawu ezikhethekileyo nkqubo yiSoviet angaphandle kule minyaka 1953-1964.

zezivumelwano uxolo

Umgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR kwiminyaka 1953-1964 kuye kwanikelwa ingqalelo ubukhulu becala ngokusekwa intsebenziswano enoxolo ngokufanayo nangokuluncedo kunye namazwe angaphandle. Xa liphulo kobunkokheli yiSoviet, izivumelwano ezininzi ziye zasayinwa. Ngoko ke, ngo-1953, ngoJulayi 27, satyikitywa le ukuxolelana eKorea. Indlela eziphambili lula ngezikhondo zamehlo ihlabathi sigaba ubunkokeli ilizwe libone ukwanda kwiinkalo kubanjiswene namanye amazwe. Ngowe-1955, 25 Januwari, i Elawulayo omkhosi yasetyenziswa laphela imo imfazwe eJamani. NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka, intloko urhulumente iJamani wafika eMoscow. Ngexesha lotyelelo, oko yasekwa unxulumano lobuchule kunye West Jamani. Ngowe-1955, phakathi ku-Meyi, isivumelwano sasayinwa kunye Austria. Ngokuhambelana njengoko imo imfazwe kuyo wayekwa. Olu xwebhu umisela ulawulo kunye nesiqinisekiso cala.

Ngowe-1956, i-eSoviet Union wabuyela kummandla eziqeshiweyo of Finland - Porkkala Udd, apho bekukho useko yomkhosi wamanzi we-Union. Phakathi-Juni manyano republic Karelian-Finnish yajika yakuma wedwa. Kwakhona ngo-1956, ngo-Oktobha 19, Japan kunye Soviet Union wakhupha isibhengezo ukubuyiselwa unxulumano lobuchule kunye ukuyekwa yemeko emkhosini. Ekupheleni kwale 50 eSoviet Union izivumelwano ezinxulumene urhwebo ezingaphezu kwama-70 ithi.

nkqubo Soviet angaphandle 1953-1964 (ngokufutshane)

Iinkalo eziphambili ziye zachongwa kwi-XX Party Congress. Khrushchev kwaziswa kwintlanganiso kungekho akunakuphepheka kwemfazwe olandelayo, esalatha indlela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo utshintsho kwisistim yali kunye nokuhlalisana ngoxolo amazwe kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko. Xa amaxwebhu nkongolo kwagxininiswa ukunyaniseka eSoviet Union ukuya siseko zokuzimela ulongamo, ngentsebenziswano kunye namazwe angaphandle. Kwangaxeshanye, Khrushchev bathi yehlabathi co-ubukho urhulumente usebenza uhlobo oluthile omzabalazo eklasini. Akubandakanyi iindlela kuphela zomkhosi kwaye alisebenzi imfundiso. Ngowe-1957 iSebe leMicimbi yangaPhandle elikhokelwa esikhulu enkulu Gromyko. ICandelo loMphathiswa Foreign waba phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe de 1985. Gromyko wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwenkqubo thethwano kwi kusekwe ulawulo phezu iingalo ugqatso.

Utshintsho emfundisweni zomkhosi

Ngowe-1956, loo nto yabonisa okuthile of Soviet nkqubo angaphandle 1953-1964. Iqela kumazwe angaphandle kwasekwa iiyunithi, ogama umsebenzi ijoliswe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba ukuthibaza impembelelo kwamazwe yali kwaye ukuyilwa kombutho wenkululeko yesizwe kwizizwana lwamathanga.

Ngowe-1956, xa imfundiso zomkhosi eSoviet Union sele phantsi utshintsho. Bona zibangelwa utshintsho ukusuka ukusetyenziswa ubunzima namajoni entsimini edabini ukuya enomjukujelwa kunye ngeziqu yenyukliya. Le yokuqala iye ihlolwe ngempumelelo enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa enjalo ehlabathini ngo-1957 Lanikwa uluhlu enkulu kwaye akwazi ukufikelela US ntsimi. Ukususela 1959 yasungulwa kwemveliso serial ezi imijukujelwa, kulandele ngokusixhobisa imikhosi umoya wokhuselo, umoya kunye nomhlaba imikhosi, waqala ukwakhiwa kwamanzi enomjukujelwa nuclear wezithuthi. America ujongile konke oku, baqonde ukuba eSoviet Union ukuze kakuhle aziphindezele xa kuthe imfazwe entsha.

Impixano ne US

Nangona yokwakha esebenzayo enomjukujelwa yenyukliya izinto, le nkqubo angaphandle USSR 1953-1964 gg. kunjalo swi kwintsebenziswano namazwe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela isitshixo unolwalamano eUnited States. Ukususela 15 ukuya 27 Septemba 1959 Yayilundwendwelo Khrushchev ukuba eMelika. Ngexesha Khrushchev wakhe yamkelwa Eisenhower wathetha kwiNational Press Club, kwaye UN General Assembly, wadibana namafama kunye noosomashishini. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1961, ukuba bekufanele ukuba abuye kaMongameli US. Kodwa ngoMeyi 1 ngexesha ehleli kwi Umakhi Khrushchev wafumanisa ukuba US kuhlola moya intruded kwi elibala eli lizwe waza wadutyulwa phantsi kufuphi Sverdlovsk. Ubunkokheli Soviet uthumele inowuthi yoqhankqalazo. Ukuphendula urhulumente wakhe America wathi "Impazamo olwandle" ngenxa yokuba babengazi ukuba selinge moya, echasene nemiyalelo, wayesaphila, bavuthela ngokwakhe. Ngako oko ke, wasiwa banjwa. abasemagunyeni eSoviet yakhupha ubungqina umqhubi United States ubanjwe bubuxoki. Eisenhower wala uxolo. utyelelo lwakhe USSR irhoxisiwe.

iintetho ezintsha

Umgaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle ye-USSR ngo-1953-1964 gg. kuzakuthathwa ukubeka engqongqo lizwe kwibakala lehlabathi kwi ndakhe-up lobungakanani emkhosini-mveliso. Oku, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yokwanda ngeziqu. Ekuqaleni June 1961 ubunkokheli eSoviet yabamba iintetho kunye Kennedy eVienna. Emacaleni baye bazama ukuxoxa umbuzo waseJamani yaye nokuthintela uvavanyo zenyukliya. Khrushchev wacela ukuba asayine isivumelwano uxolo kunye Germanys ezimbini ngokungqinelana imida ekhoyo de facto, bezishumayela West eBerlin isixeko free. Kodwa lesi sicelo sakhatywa. Kwelinye icala, Kennedy wayengakwazi ukufumana ukuvalwa uvavanyo enyukliya. I-Berlin Wall yakhiwa nge-13 Agasti. Kuye abe ngumfuziselo yokwenene i "ludilike" KuloMgabuli iYurophu. NgoSeptemba, eSoviet Union, ukuyeka kwisivumelwano eUnited States lokuvala udubulo zenyukliya, wayeqhuba uthotho lweemvavanyo.

Cuban lobunzima Missile

Umgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR ngo-1953-1964 gg. Kuye ingqalelo ubukhulu becala ngokusekwa ukulingana zomkhosi eUnited States. Ngowe-1962, kwakukho yingozi ubudlelwane bala mazwe. Imeko sibi ngokunxulumene nesigqibo ukubeka yiSoviet Union e Cuba yamkela imijukujelwa eliphakathi-kuluhlu. Melika, nto, waqalisa ukulungiselela ayehlasela. Kambe, phantse kwi ngomzuzu wokugqibela incoko yefowuni Khrushchev kunye Kennedy, ngexesha apho iinkokheli basilela ukufikelela ukusilela. Kwi-US, ekugqibeleni kwakuthe imijukujelwa eTurkey kunye eSoviet Union - Cuba.

Cuba lobunzima enomjukujelwa kucingwa ukuba apogee ukuliwa phakathi USSR kunye West. Emva kwakhe ixesha détente isalamane. Ngowe-1963, e Moscow, a mvumelwano yaqukunjelwa phakathi eSoviet Union, iBritani America ban uvavanyo kwamanzi zenyukliya, kwISithuba apha emoyeni. Ngexesha elifutshane isivumelwano uncediswa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-100. Emva kokufa kwinkqubo yokuchithwa Kennedy kunye Khrushchev lwaphazamiseka.

ATS

Umgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR ngo-1953-1964 gg. Kuye ijolise ekusekeni intsebenziswano nje kuphela i-West, kodwa nabamelwane yayo ekufuphi. Kwinkampu yali ngelo xesha yayiquka eRomania, Bulgaria, Poland, eCzechoslovakia, eMpuma Jamani, iHungary, Albania. Uphelekwe yiSoviet Union, baye babumba i-ATS (Warsaw Pact). nxaxheba bayo wathabatha isinyanzelo phezu kwawo ukuba ukunika uncedo efanayo kwi isisongelo emkhosini, intsebenziswano ngonqabiseko noxolo. Ukongeza, ukuba thethwano kwimicimbi enxulumene nomdla ezifanayo. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa ukuyilwa umyalelo elimanyeneyo jikelele yomkhosi.

CMEA

Umgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR ngo-1953-1964 gg. uncedo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kulindelwe kumazwe kweminquba yali kulwakhiwo lwezibonelelo zoshishino emasimini abo. Iziko ephambili yonxulumano yaba iBhunga Assistance Economic Mutual (CMEA). kwiindawo ezingundoqo babambisana:

1. Ulungelelwaniso izicwangciso loqoqosho lwesizwe.
2. Trade.
3. amaqhina yenkcubeko.
4. Intsebenziswano endle yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa.

Ngesi intsebenziswano ujoyine kamva Cuba. . Kwiminyaka 1958-1964, ngokutsho isigqibo CMEA, lwakwakhiwa yombhobho "Druzhba" - nje enkulu ehlabathini. ubude baso baba ngaphezu kwama-4.5 amawaka. Km. Ngowe-1959-1962 gg. inkqubo yamandla ewonke wadalwa "The World." Ayeyazi womnatha eSoviet Union kunye nakumazwe yali of Europe. Kulo mzekelo, uninzi iindleko wagabadela USSR. Ubunkokheli eSoviet kwakhona sazama ukuphucula ubudlelwane njengeYugoslavia. Ngowe-1955, i-declaration sasayinwa phakathi abameli yamazwe, njengoko apho kwimimandla echongiweyo zokubambisana yenkcubeko, ezoqoqosho kunye nesayensi amanqanaba.

ungquzulwano

Iimpawu ze-nkqubo yiSoviet angaphandle kule minyaka 1953-1964. of wazimisela ukufuna yenkokheli eSoviet ukuseka socialism. Noko ke, impembelelo i "nobudlelwane" wakhokelela iinkqubo nokulawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi kunye de-Stalinization kwamanye amazwe encedisayo. Yaqala ukubonakala iyantlukwano phakathi kwamazwe. zaye becala ke enxulumene Ukumka eSoviet Union kwi-siseko emiselwe kwaye ukuvula uphazamiseko yayo kwimicimbi yangaphakathi kwamanye amazwe. Phakathi-Juni 1953 e-East Berlin baqalisa ukudlala ukuba yokumanya eJamani. Ehlotyeni lemiboniso 1956 zaye zabanjwa ePoland. Apha abasebenzi baya kugwayimbo, befuna linjengokubhukuqwa nolobukomanisi. Ngenxa yoko, iinkokheli ezintsha lizwe. Ngo-Oktobha 1956 wombhodamo kwaqhambuka e Hungary. Phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela imikhosi anti-yali yenkokheli karhulumente umemezele zokurhoxa yalo ATM. Noko ke, ekuqaleni kukaNovemba ukuya amajoni kwiSoviet kwangena, leyo zicinezelwa loo mvukelo Hungarian.

Umgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR ngo-1953-1964 gg. Wabonisa ngoko ukuzibophelela yobunkokheli ukukugcina United of South-Mpuma kunye nemodeli Central yaseYurophu socialism.