Programming. ezakhiwe Basic algorithmic

Ukudala naziphi na iinkqubo uyilo eziyimfuneko ezisisiseko algorithmic. Ukulandela yeyona ndlela ilula ukuze zokusombulula iingxaki. kokuba usetyenziswe, umz, ngokuba umsebenzi ngemizekelo eyohlobo olulodwa. Kukho ezinye iintlobo: eyayizalwa kunye loop. Oko kuya kuhlawulwa kweli nqaku. Kodwa ke kuqala kufuneka uqonde ukuba yintoni algorithm ngokubanzi.

algorithm

Igama elithi "algorithm" weza evela Latin algoritmi. Kuthetha ukuthini? igama eyoQobo livela igama zemathematika, izinto ezenzeka kwi kwinkulungwane IX. imbali ngenxa al Khorezmi uluntu ukuba siqhelane uhlobo esisiseko loyilo algorithmic kunye ngokubanzi kunye ingqiqo jikelele.

uhlobo ngaphambili upelo savunywayo - "algorithm". Ngoku isetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko ezithile.

Algorithm - yinkqubo kuthetha ukutshintsha idata yoqobo, okwenzeka amanyathelo ekhethekileyo. Nale ngcamango, umntu ngamnye ubuso ebomini, nabani na. Ubuchule achazwe iti kunye nokutya, phindo okanye ukongeza, isisombululo kwizibalo, njalo-njalo. D. Zonke izixhobo zombane inkqubo yokusebenza nokuhambisa, esebenza ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo ecacileyo emiselweyo kwimemori iprosesa. ubuchule Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba indlu. Kukho nezinye iindidi. Makhe sihlole kubo.

iintlobo algorithm

izakhiwo ezisisiseko algorithmic ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa ngazo kulo mhlathi. Ntoni na ke?

1. Ulwazi. ubuchule ezinjalo Sisebenzisana izixa ezikhulu data, kodwa sisandi phambili ezincinane ubude kunye lula.
2. Control. Ukusebenza ubuchule ezinjalo inxulunyaniswa ulwazi luyafumaneka kumthombo othile. Ohluleka wathumela Imiqondiso eyodwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza izixhobo.
3. Computing. Ngokungafaniyo ubuchule nolwazi ekuthethwa ngazo apha ukusebenza kunye nezixa e data amancinci, kodwa ukuvelisa inkqubo umsebenzi omkhulu.

Enyanisweni, lo algorithm echanekileyo incinane iinkcukacha lokufundisa. Noko ke, asingabo bonke loo data ekunokuthiwa ucacisa ingqikelelo. Ukuze siqonde umyalelo algorithm okanye hayi, kufuneka zihlolwe ubukho iipropati ezithile.

iimpawu algorithm

Yonke uyilo enkulu algorithmic kufuneka izenzo ukuba "yingisa." Qwalasela lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Ukuba ukulandelela ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza ubuchule kunye neempawu zazo, ungabona ukuba akunyanzelekanga ukuqonda abameleyo, ngokwaneleyo ngokucacileyo ukuba ilingane esi sicwangciso. Isiphumo echanekileyo ifunyenwe, nokuba unamathela nje inyathelo mechanical ezinqwenelekayo. Kule sinokugqiba ukuba ngenxa yokunqongophala intsingiselo kwizinto eziza kwenziwa zokwazisa, lo algorithm kakhulu kunokwenzeka ukuba ahlawule ukuphunyezwa kwe nekhompyutha. Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yamacebo automated zifuna ukubakho kule nkqubo.

Ziziphi iimpawu kufuneka babe uyilo lokuqala algorithmic umsebenzi ngendlela eliphezulu?

1. Ukungaqondakali. Iqela ngalinye kufuneka libe icace into ukubaleka. Kubonakala ukuba akukho nto kulula, umzekelo, ube sele usenza ichaphaza kwindawo ziko, kukho, kodwa hayi abhalwe phandle iqela, neya kuthi yenze intshukumo, oko esinokwenziwa.
2. Ngempumelelo. Nto leyo ethetha ukuba lo propati? Efunekayo ukuze ufumane yoko. I algorithm asikwazi kodwa kungakhokelela ezinye uhlobo impendulo. Ngenxa imposiso, ungafumana iziphumo engalunganga into oyifunayo, kodwa yena. Ngaphezu koko, lo impendulo kufuneka zifunyanwe emva inani elithile amanyathelo.
3. Mass. Nayiphi algorithm kufuneka kusebenza naluphi na udidi iingxaki. Phakathi kwazo inokwahluka data igalelo.
4. Ngokuqiniseka. isenzo ngasinye kufuneka sibe nentsingiselo enye kuphela, kwaye sinike amathuba ngenxa khowudi yasiwa kumbhalo esukela. Ngokusesikweni, enoba yimalini inkqubo yasungulwa, umphumo kufanele ukuba ifane ngawo onke amaxesha.
5. Ekhethekileyo. Algorithm - amanyathelo okumiselwa angqinelana. Inyathelo ngalinye umyalelo lokudloba okanye udibanise izinye ezintsha akakwazi.
6. Lulungiswe. Nawuphi algorithm into esebenzayo naluphi na uhlobo imisebenzi, kufuneka ezichanekileyo wonke. Xa udweliso, kukho ngokufuthi iingxaki abaqeshwanga manyathelo ngokubhala, nto leyo edla musani zifuna ixesha, yaye ekwenzeni yazo zonke iintlobo zemibuzo. Ngoko ke, inyathelo elibalulekileyo iya kuba isiphene le algorithm. Ngaba kuncedisa kweli uyilo lokuqala algorithmic, ukuphindaphindwa leyo iza kukhokelela kwiziphumo engcono.

Inkcazelo algorithm

Ukuba sithethe kubhala ngayo algorithms, kufuneka ukuqaqambisa ezi zilandelayo:

• Ngamazwi. Ngamanye amazwi, ngolwimi, kananjalo kube lula ukuthetha kwicandelo.
• Table. Ngokusengqiqweni, algorithm ibhalwe kwitafile kwaye idla isetyenziswa njengento nkarhinyana.
• Formula-ngomlomo. Isiseko esithathwe indlela izyasneniya ngomlomo, kodwa izenzo ezinjalo kwakhona kubhalwe abalinganiswa okanye iifomyula zemathematika.
• Graphic. Olo algorithm ibhalwe nokusebenza ngolwimi okhethekileyo.

Kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ingongoma lokugqibela. Yintoni iflowutshathi? Le linear okanye algorithm nonlinear, amanyathelo abhaliweyo kusetyenziswa kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa. Baye uqwalaselo zabo, injongo kunye nomsebenzi. Kwimeko kule nkcazelo, lo algorithm ebhaliweyo imizobo block, ezo imigca ezihambelanayo. Kufuneka babhale intshukumo ethile (inqwanqwa).

design algorithmic

Abanye bathi ukuba ubuchule azinayo iintlobo-3, 4. Le uyilo lokuqala algorithmic: yomgama, branched, elibujikele. Yintoni isizathu enjalo kahle, akucaci. Noko ke, ngokuba izisombululo ezilula kwiingxaki ezinzima usebenzisa ubuchule ikhompyutha lokuba la maqela kakuhle amakhulu amathathu. Makhe sihlole kubo.

1. Linear. Le nkqubo azo got eli gama ngenxa yokuba zonke izenzo kwenziwa ngolandelelwano yomgama, apho inyathelo ngalinye yenzelwa ngaphezu kanye. Ukuba sicinga icebo le ngxaki, ngoko ke iibhloko wabeka enye ngezantsi enye ngasentla, ngokuxhomekeke kwintsebenzo amanani ngokulandelelana. ubuchule yomgama zisebenza ngendlela yokuba idatha yoqobo ayitshintshi ulwalathiso ingqiqo amanyathelo. Ezo izisombululo indlela efanelekileyo computing isixa okanye umahluko, imilo isikwere, okanye ngokweeperimeter wayo, njalo njalo. N. Uhlobo engundoqo design algorithmic nto kanye oko.
2. Eyayizalwa. Le nkqubo azo kuthetha ubukho ibinzana ubhalo (i-LP) kunye ukhetho iimeko (yesebe "oluxokayo" 'oyinyaniso "). Kwimeko nganye, oko zinokuphunyezwa kuphela elinye amaqela amabini okanye ngaphezulu. Akukho ngxaki kwaye ukuba, eziya kwenziwa ezinye iinketho nangoku. Ukuba kwamasebe amabini livela algorithm, kulula ukulwenza, ukuba ngaphezu ababini - ezintsonkothileyo. Inkqubo yamva kubonakala lula ngendleko lokuqala. Uhlobo olungundoqo loyilo algorithmic yeyona ngongoma yokuqala neyesibini. Le fomu ilandelayo ifakiwe nayo kolu luhlu.
3. Nokungazinzi koqoqosho. Le algorithm iyohlala element iphindiwe, lo gama usebenzisa iinkcukacha igalelo ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amagama, inkqubo enjalo ibizwa ngokuba ngomjikelo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke uyilo algorithmic ezinkulu (zilandelayo, amasebe, loops) ziya amaqhina oqhagamshelwano-nye, nangona zisetyenziswe ngokwahlukileyo.

Ukudala amasango kunye neentlobo zabo

Kufuneka senze ntoni ukwenza i loop?

• Le loop counter. Le otshintshayo ichaza ixabiso lokuqala, kwaye ukuphindaphindwa isenzo iza kutshintsha. ukuba kufuneka singene algorithm. zokwakha Basic algorithmic benqwanqwa-uhlobo lomsebenzi ngaphandle kuyo ngeke.
• Ukutshintsha index ngaphezu data phambi uphindaphindo omtsha komjikelo.
• Khangela iimeko ikhompyutha isigqibo sokuba kwakhona "ukuhambahamba kokubhaliweyo" loop okanye ngaphezulu akukho mfuneko.

Imijikelo kunokuba deterministic kunye iterative. Okokuqala yenza kwakhona kunye eyaziwa inani kophindo. Umjikelo yophinda-phindo - enye iyaphinda isixa elingenammiselo ixesha de imeko kuyinyaniso okanye bubuxoki.

I algorithm basic

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba izakhiwo ezisisiseko algorithmic musa ziquka algorithm esisiseko. Yintoni na? Le ngcamango engasekho ezifunyanwayo kuluncwadi mihla, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba wenza kwaye ayisekho. Sisazi ukuba ngesisombululo iingxaki nazo amasebe eziliqela okanye milembelele, isiphelo ilandelayo. ezakhiwe Basic algorithmic (linear, branched, elibujikele) ezisisiseko. Enyanisweni, amele "unit noshowo" ngasinye ekuthiwa imiyalelo.

ubuchule linear

Njengoko kucacile ukusuka ngentla, ubuchule mnye yomgama and non-linear. Cinga lwalo lokuqala. Kutheni bakubiza? Zonke elula kakhulu. Inyaniso kukuba zonke izenzo edlalwa kwi algorithm, ngokucacileyo okumiselwa angqinelana zonke manyathelo ngqo omnye emva komnye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le misebenzi ezincinane yaye inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu entsonkothileyo.

Umzekelo algorithm yomgama inokuba inkqubo kulungiselelwa iti:

1. Galela amanzi iketile.
2. Beka iketile esitovini ukuze ubilise.
3. Thabatha le ndebe.
4. Uthululele ikomityi yeti.
5. Yongeza i iswekile.
6. Emva kokuba amanzi abilayo Wagalela kwindebe.
7. Thatha ngecephe.
8. Govuza iswekile.

Lwenkqubo izakhiwo ezisisiseko algorithmic - deal enzima ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ukuba kukho algorithm yomgama, kudla ngokuba lula kakhulu ukuphumeza kuzo.

eyayizalwa algorithm

Indlela ukuqonda ukuba algorithm eyayizalwa? Kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhetho lwezifundo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu inyathelo, kuxhomekeka kwindlela eqhube ngayo okanye iimeko ukusilela. indlela ngalinye libizwa ngokuba isebe.

Eyona iphambili eyayizalwa algorithm ubukho njengesebe olunemiqathango. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha lovavanyo ibinzana inyaniso okanye ubuxoki.

imiqondiso Ngokuqhelekileyo, amabinzana okomqondo zimelwe "ngaphantsi kune", "ngaphezulu", "ngaphantsi kune okanye ilingana", "uphawu lokungaphezu okanye lokulinganayo", "zilingana", "ayilungelelene." Ngamanye amaxesha kukho embodiments apho imeko enxulumene nganye omnye umyalelo kwaye (u) okanye (okanye).

Umzekelo algorithm enokuba sisisombululo kwingxaki ilandelayo: ukuba ibinzana ((x + 3) / 1) ulingana okanye linani elidibanisayo, ngoko ukubonisa isiphumo kwikhusi, ukuba awunayo - ukwazisa umsebenzisi malunga impazamo.

Simple ngokwaneleyo practice ukusebenzisa uyilo lokuqala algorithmic. Eyayizalwa yenye yeendlela oluqhelekilyo iingxaki.

Umjikelo Deterministic okanye ukusuka komnye umjikelo counter

Umjikelo we-counter - umjikelo equka variable eguqula ezinexabiso ethile inyathelo. Inyathelo buchazwa yi umsebenzisi okanye kumiselwe wenkqubo xa ubhala software. Uninzi iilwimi kulo mjikelo usebenzisa umqhubi.

Ukuze le nkqubo ukubonisa imiqolo emibini umphinda-4:

1. "Unjani na?"
2. "Kulungile, ndiyabulela kuwe!"
3. "Unjani na?"
4. "Kulungile, ndiyabulela kuwe!"

Kufuneka udale umjikelo deterministic. Niyayibona njani? Sisebenzisa ulwimi "uPascal 'ukuba imbono engcono eyilwe.

1. Kuba i: = 1 ukuya 2 wenze:

- i yi umjikelo counter, ukuba ligqiba inani kophindo kwi loop.

2. Qala (isibiyeli evulekileyo olugobileyo ukuya mabinzana mabini na umjikelo emzimbeni ize iphindwe kunye.)

3. Writeln (bona 'njani na?'):

- eli gama lithetha writeln amabinzana isiphelo ukuba kuchaphulo elinye.

4. Writeln ( 'Fine, enkosi').

5. End.

6. i: = i + 1.

Njengoko ubona, kakhulu kulula kwaye kumnandi ukusebenzisa uyilo lokuqala algorithmic. ubuchule Basic ngokwenene yaziwe kakuhle, ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubhala iinkqubo.

Cycle ne postcondition

Cycle ne postcondition kungaba waphinda inani elingenammiselo izenzo ngaphandle kokufaka i braces umqhubi okanye amagama ambaxa. Yena uya kubulawa ubuncinane kanye. Kubhaliwe usebenza umjikelo de imeko bubuxoki. Yena ime kwi ukuyilwa yeempawu echanekileyo. Kule algorithm kokuba yakhiwe. zokwakha Basic algorithmic olu hlobo lomsebenzi kule ngesantya ethile.

Ukuze kufezekiswe le mjikelo kufuna uyilo Phinda A de B. Ngokoqobo lithetha "ukuba phinda amanyathelo de imeko bubuxoki." Ngako oko, lubonakaliswa inkqubo uphindaphindo ngu A ngokwayo nge B - data ezibangelwa kufuneka athathe ixabiso elichanekileyo.

Cycle ne sibalulekile

Cycle ne postcondition sakhiwe ngendlela yokuba kwenziwa ubuncinane kanye kuyo nayiphi na imeko. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko apho kufuneka umjikelo kwimeko meko, yaye kufuneka kwenziwe xa ingekho ukuphinda. Kungenjalo, umphumo uya kuba engachanekanga. Kulapha kule meko ndzhendzheleko kunye sibalulekile. Ukwakha izinto eziyimfuneko kuyilo «ngoxa A na B». Iqela lokuqala ke ngokoqobo eliguqulelwa ngokuthi 'ixesha elide. " A - iimeko, yaye - nezenzo lizakuphindwa. lonke uyilo lithetha "de imeko kuyinyaniso, ukwenza isenzo."

Wonke umsebenzi design ezinkulu algorithmic kuphela kwiimeko ezithile. Yintoni ke ngokwenzekayo kunye njengomqathango? Ukuba kufuneka uphindaphindwe ngaphezulu kwesinye, kodwa ke ezininzi, ngoko umele usebenzise iingxelo okanye ezimbaxa, okanye kwizibiyeli ezizodwa. Umjikelo Kusenokwenzeka kakuhle ukuba babulawe ukuba imeko akunjalo xa ningena kulo. Ngako oko, eli nyathelo liya kuphindwa ukuba luchanekile.

I algorithm oluncediswayo

I algorithm ezixhasayo ezisetyenziswa kwezinye iinkqubo ngokukhankanya kuphela ngegama layo. Yena a yoyilo ezinkulu algorithmic alisebenzi. Kwiilwimi iinkqubo loo inkqubo inyathelo kuthiwa lwesiqhelo. Ukuze kube lula umsebenzi kunye ikhowudi, uze lula ngakumbi nokusombulula iingxaki zonke inyathelo kudityaniswe zibe iqela elinye, nto leyo algorithm nkarhinyana. Ngamnye kubo angabuza igama lakhe, nto leyo evumela kamva ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuqhagamshelana naye.