Amphioxus isimiso: iimpawu zezakhiwo

Komile sandy kukhokelela shark yokuphila, abamhlophe kunye cream-bala okanye ezipinki kancinane izilwanyana kwawo ebizwa Amphioxus. nobukhulu zabo - 5 ukuya kwi-8 umzimba cm atshabalalisa yokuxazulula, isiphelo phambi obliquely kunqunyulwa yayo, kwaye umlomo wakhe, kungathi Mpondwana .. Inxalenye emva umzimba ngohlobo imela ngotyando - Lancet. Ezinjalo izilwanyana ezibonakala zokuqhubela komzimba lothelekiso kunye ngezilwanyana ukufunda nzulu ngezizathu: Amphioxus ukufumana unxulumano phakathi kwala maqela mabini eziphambili zezilwanyana - ezingenamqolo kunye chordates.

Kweli nqaku sithelekisa ubume Amphioxus iintlanzi ingamathambo, kwakunye ukuphendula umbuzo olandelayo: yintoni na inkqubo yokujikeleza in Amphioxus? Russian sezinto A. O. Kovalevsky ngo-1860 zabonisa ukuba isilwanyana kwihi ku lomqolo, ukugcina iimpawu eziphilayo ezingenamqolo.

kwegazi

Cinga isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza ka Amphioxus. ulwelo Red, kungekho sakhi, ezinambuzelayo aorta esiswini, nto leyo rhoqo eliguquguqukayo izishunqulelo ngenxa myoepithelial umaleko coelom kwisisu. Ngoko ke igazi kunye agqithisile kwekharbon diokside ingena yintloko Amphioxus. Iimpahla branchial lonaniso igesi kwenzeka. Umthambo flow kulo pharynx ngomva ehlukanisiwe, apho ilungelo kunye neenxalenye ekhohlo aorta amaphiko. Amphioxus umzimba phambi inxenye banikwe igazi kwemithambo carotid ukusivala le aorta. Into arterioles ezincinane igazi ioksijini eninzi amdaka ukuya onke amalungu isilwanyana. Inxalenye lwemithambo yale nkqubo iqala womnatha venules wamathumbu equlethe carbon dioxide. Kwezi, igazi ongena podkishechnuyu emthanjeni.

Kukho kwasekwa inkqubo portal kwesibindi. Anatomically, ukuba ibekwe phantsi wamathumbu ityhubhu Amphioxus, zibolele ibe uthungelwano venules, leyo entwine eludongeni kwinkqubo yokwetyisa. umsebenzi wayo kukuba ukubugqithisa ubuthi ndenziwe nyulu egazini ezinomthamo eliphezulu carbon dioxide ngakumbi sinus lwemithambo. Omabini amacala omzimba Amphioxus ithunyelwa iincam (aka jugular) Kusenjalo, ngoko Cuvier imibhobho.

Cuvier yobisi

Le mithambo ekuyo kuqala makazicalule lancelet yaye ayila kwisiphambuka beempahla iimpawu. Bona zayingqombela ulwelo evela ngaphambili kunye iphela ngasemva emzimbeni wesilwanyana leyo. Cuvier imibhobho iqukuqela igalele ngqo kwi-venosus sinus, egqalwa ekuqaleni aorta esiswini. Ezi kwizikhephe ichazwe ngokucacileyo lomqolo osandul, kwaye kwithuba cyclostomes post-osandul ikhona (lamprey kunye hagfish), kwakunye iintlanzi eziphila. Kufana lukhulu inkqubo yokujikeleza ka Amphioxus kunye cyclostomes, nangona yokugqibela ubonakala intliziyo lenene, equka atrial kunye ventricular.

sinus venosus

Yeyona yinxalenye engundoqo aorta esiswini, kunye Amphioxus inkqubo loo isangqa esivalekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza Amphioxus ingqina ukuba igazi lakhe luvalwe. Xa ezincancisayo, iintaka kunye nezinye ezinomqolo, le nxalenye abasemagunyeni inxulumene intendelezo ekunene. Kwayo ulwelo lwemithambo engena ventricle kwaye kungena pulmonary. Iqala i kwegazi yemiphunga eziphilayo benentliziyo-zawo ezine. E Amphioxus, kwakunye nabanye abameli golovohordovyh intliziyo engekhoyo kunye sinus lwemithambo thaca isitya unpaired apho ulwelo lwemithambo uvela Kusenjalo hepatic. Wandule ke ukuya kungena aorta esiswini. Ukuba ukhumbula isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza ka Amphioxus neentlanzi nokudleka, uya kufumanisa ukuba iinguqulelo ngokuyintloko eli aorta esiswini, nto leyo elungisiweyo iintlanzi entliziyweni-zawo ezimbini. Ukongeza, iimpumlo kumphezulu sokuphefumla lweentlanzi nokudleka nayo yonyuswa ngenxa eyayizalwa kwinethiwekhi capillary imithambo yabo dj.

Iinkqubo Isango izalelwe hepatic

Amphioxus inkqubo yokujikeleza, kwakunye nezinye ezinomqolo, ezinxulumene anatomically kunye izitho zokugaya. Sokugaya zonke izilwanyana kwizilwanyana enxulumene morphologically, kwaye imveliso dissimilation: glucose, acid - angene emithanjeni yayo. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza ka Amphioxus, esongeza ukuba bonke ulwelo izixhobo ekomelezeni inkqubo sesilwanyana engena izalelwe hepatic. Ngokufanayo, kwesibindi iintlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye nezinye ezinomqolo, Amphioxus lo mzimba owenza umsebenzi detoxification, ezihlambulule igazi evela emathunjini ukusuka iimveliso ukubola - metabolites. Oku ke engena venosus sinus. Yongeza ukuba isibindi izalelwe igazi ufumana mithambo podkishechnoy.

Ventral kanye amaphiko aorta

It is a isitya esikhulu umfutho. Ukuba ukhumbula isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza ka Amphioxus, uya kubona izilayidi ukuba phantsi emqaleni lesilwanyana na aorta esiswini, ukusuka apho ukwandisa symmetrically nesithandwa umthambo. Baya lwamasebe phandle nemingxuma zokwahlula dj. Le aorta amaphiko siya kwenziwa ekupheleni elingasemva pharynx ngenxa kwemithambo naziphi nadzhabernyh. Anatomically, oko usinga kwaye kudlulela ekupheleni ngasemva umzimba Amphioxus, eyayizalwa phezu imithambo ingenisa amalungu angaphakathi isilwanyana. In Amphioxus metabolites ezifumaneka igazi kuhluzeka ngemibhobho ezikhethekileyo ebizwa protenefridiyami. Ukususela aorta esiswini ukuya lweHo- umzimba - ewonke - isitya umfutho kufanelekile. Yena branched zibe capillary glomeruli. Ngaphaya kweendonga zawo, lo ukuhluza plasma kunye ubuthi kwifomu unyityilikiswa protenefridii ezifunyenweyo, Ingasekho mezonefralny yobisi kunye kungena cloaca.

Inkqubo yegazi of Amphioxus neentlanzi nokudleka

Qwalasela iimfano neeyantlukwano isakhiwo yegazi superclass intlanzi noBony Golovohordovye uhlobo apho yeyethu lancelet. Omabini amaqela izilwanyana kufuneka kwegazi efanayo. Kodwa ke intliziyo Amphioxus ayifumaneki, umsebenzi uthatha phezu inxalenye aorta esiswini, apho zingaphungulwa ekuziseni imithambo kumculo kwaye yenza ithombo legazi. Le ntlanzi unentliziyo, kufana nqwa e cyclostomes, egumbini-amabini (intendelezo ventricle).

Ukwenziwa kulo mzimba ngenxa nethe esebenzayo ngakumbi. fish Heart kufuphi jike zirhuqwe phantsi umhlathi ongezantsi. Njengoko sele sibonile ukusuka izibakala ngasentla, isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza ka Amphioxus, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izithuthi oksijini kunye nezondlo, loo iyahluka ukusuka kuloo yeyeentaka nokudleka.

Iimpawu ze unikezelo igazi apparatus dj

Ukuba ukhumbula isakhiwo inkqubo yokujikeleza ka Amphioxus, thelekisa kunye neentlanzi nokudleka, uya kufumana iiyantlukwano ochukumisa unikezelo igazi ukuya apparatus dj. Kwicala esezantsi pharynx ibekwe aorta esiswini. Ukusuka ukuba isibini ngasinye nakwiingqameko zalo, kumculo imithambo kufanelekile, eziqulathe igazi lwemithambo. Ukunciphisa inani izahlulelo kwi iigilizi (lancelet izibini 150, kunye neentlanzi ngababini 4) sichazwe ngokwanda ukutya kunye nokwanda kummandla lilonke kwinethiwekhi capillary kwi nabameli neentlanzi nokudleka. Lancelet bakwazi kuwanelisa ioksijini igazi lakhe nje kuphela kwinkqubo kwemithambo branchial, kodwa kwe- igesi ngqo ngesikhumba phezulu imithambo yegazi.

carotid kwemithambo

Ukuba uthelekisa inkqubo igazi Amphioxus neentlanzi nokudleka, uya kufumana umahluko kwi ezityeni, ngokuba yegazi carotid. Zi- ulwelo esimbaxa obomvu ekupheleni ngomphambili womzimba isilwanyana. Xa iintlanzi bony 4 ezibini ezincinane kumculo ingena aorta amanakani, iingcambu ezo ezahlulwe carotid umthambo. In Amphioxus inani imithambo yegazi kumculo kakhulu ngakumbi. Nikeza ingqondo kunye mpilo, sisongezelelo uvaleke kwaye enomahluko zibe namasebe. Ulawula umsebenzi reflex lesilwanyana. Ukubonelela luvo ingqondo mpilo kunye nezondlo kwenzeka ngenxa eyayizalwa kwemithambo carotid kwinkqubo capillary. Njengokuba kubhaliwe iyeza iimveliso - metabolites ebotshiwe ngenxa yegazi kwi sinus lwemithambo.

Eli nqaku sele wafunda inkqubo yokujikeleza neempawu Amphioxus kwegazi golovohordovyh.