Prince uMikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shumsky: engobomi, imisebenzi kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Ufe ngo-23, yaye wadliswa intriguers nomona. Ukuba kwakunokwenzeka elichaza ubomi bakhe ngokufutshane kakhulu, ngoko oku kuya kufumaneka, mhlawumbi, igama elinye kuphela - "inkonzo". Skopin-Shuisky, uMikhail Vasilyevich (11.08.1586 -. 23.04.1610 iminyaka), umphathi edumileyo mkhosi, Ekuveleni bayahlelwa eRussia Ixesha Iingxaki umntu, nako ukuzisa kuphela yakhe uloyiso bokulwa, kodwa ngoloyiso amazwe. phambi kwakhe waphefumlela abantu. Abantu nime phambi kwakhe ngamadolo akhe, yaye ziimvakalelo, ezanga kakhulu le nestibili.

Skopin-Shuisky Okwemfazwe asazi boyisiwe, oqhuba umgaqo angaphandle endaweni yokuba umalume wakhe kwabangabuleliyo amanene ngukumkani Vasiliya Ivanovicha Shuyskogo. Ekhathazeka yi inkohlakalo iphenjelelwa Ndiyayoyika inkosi ukumkani wathabatha ubomi umtshana wakhe nje kuphela, kodwa ndiyathemba lonke Russia.

Biography Skopin-Shumsky eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Isandulela. kwamaxesha

Kanye ngo-1584, Ivana Groznogo ikrwitshele ngo-1598 anetyhefu unyana wakhe oneminyaka eli-42 ubudala, Fyodor, wonqanyulwa, isebe emfutshane yobukhosi Rurik. Ngokuba ukwahlula - ikhadi inqala kwi iqela-iyelenqe - umzabalazo boyar iziduko: Godunov, Mstislavskys, Romanov Shuiskis. Eyokuqala wathabatha kwetrone 1598, lo oprichnik owayesakuba Boris Godunov.

Noko ke, akuba ngukumkani ebudaleni wayefanele ukuba ibe unyana umfazi yesixhenxe Ivana Groznogo - nguDmitry. Ezingonwabanga teen isongelwe ngokufa ezandleni yama- etroneni. Kwaye ke Kwathi, kamva ngokusesikweni Vasiliy Shuysky zokwenza uphando. Dmitriy "idlala eziqhotyoshelwe ukufa phezu imela."

Ubuqili Boyar umzabalazo amandla yaqhubeka. Kwaba adalwe, ziyahlelwa Boris Godunov, "olisusileyo hayi irenki" monarshestvo. 13 Apreli 1605 uKumkani Boris oneminyaka eli-53 ubudala, ukuba nempilo entle, wenza isidlo kunye imnyama, liye lantinga laya kwenqaba, ukuze sixhamle ubenemboniselo yangaphezulu yazo eMoscow. Kungekudala wagula, empumlweni nasemqaleni waqalisa wopha, waza wafa. Yaba uhlobo ngesandla poisoners Shuiskis. kwenziwa yonke into ukuze ukuthantamisa kwaye kuk, ukuba izinduna kwakufuneka ukuqala ndirhawuzelelwa lulwimi, kuthiwa "unembeza kukumkani," yena, wathabatha ityhefu.

King-wamacebo

Kulo efanayo 1605 ukuya igunya ngaphezu kwesiqingatha nyaka kuza impangele bhedengu Bubuxoki nguDmitry. Eli bali yonke into ekuqaleni wahlela lzhetsarem Shuiskys kunye Romanovs. Hayi ngengozi ngaphambili Gregory Otrepyev iyadi Romanov, yaye Lithuania oko kukhatshwa iimonki esekhosi Shuiskis. Noko ke, phezu kwazo izinduna lowo wenyuka kwitrone ukuthanda Lzhedmitry babo wazibonakalisa i mlawuli esebenzayo, anavuma ukunika igunya.

Izinduna-iyelenqe wambulala, waza wamisela ibhunga imfihlo yakhe Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Ethembisa ukuba abalawule ngegama sithobela Boyar Duma. Ngeli xesha, iqhawe kwinqaku lethu, Prince Skopin-Shumsky, wakhonza phantsi umzala wakhe eziphezulu Basil. Walusa yena buqu kwaye iqinisekisa ukhuseleko VIPs abahambahambayo.

Le mvukelo Bolotnikov

Kungekudala kwabakho into kwanawo izinduna Shuisky na Mstislavsky akulindelekanga. Cossack Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, zidlala ukunganeliseki kunye Cossacks "Knights ngukumkani", wayiqhubela wombhodamo.

Ekuqaleni, lo imposter liye laqokelela 12,000 Cossacks, wacela inkxaso neyamabamba Putivl Prince Shahovskoy. Kubavukeli, sithembele inyambalala abalimi anezikrokro zazijoliswe kwi ngokuthinjwa eMoscow ngokubhukuqwa izinduna Tsar Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Benkathazo bavumile shoka Rzeczpospolita.

umkhosi Royal, owawukhokelwa umzalwana Regal Fedor, zaye phantsi boyiswa. ngaphandle Cossack labavukeli eMoscow.

"Polutsar" njengoko Basil wabizwa ebantwini, yamkelwa kuphela ulawulo lwakhe isigqibo sobulumko: evele utshintshe intendelezo njengekhondo uTimoti, elinesithoba uMikhail Skopin-Shumsky, njengoyise kunye notatomkhulu wakhe, waba warlord eMoscow.

protection Moscow

Michael ubulumko zivuthiwe ezahlukeneyo, yaba ende, umntu abancinane ukugqojozwa eyomeleleyo bakhangele ngqo. Ukususela ebuntwaneni kokuba elungiselela yena njengegorha, izixhobo Streletsky kakuhle ngokugqibeleleyo, ekulweni ihashe dressage, zokudubula mcimbi.

Nangona kunjalo, kwaye isizathu akazange bebandezwa okuthile. Skopin-Shuisky ngoko nangoko emva ukuqeshwa kwaba sezopolitiko enovakalelo, umhleli. Wayebonakala ngaphezu wanikwa ukuba uzive umoya kuvunywe kunye nempembelelo ngayo. Ngexesha wemikhosi, eMoscow wahlala ukwimeko lusizi, kuba wayengafuni ukuba baphalaze igazi ukuba "ukumkani izinduna." Skopin ezichongiweyo abopha engundoqo inkathazo-abenzi: Ivan Troekurova uYuri Trubetskoy, Ivan Katyreva.

Xa zokungqinga ungqengqe kwi ndawo zinginginya Ivan Bolotnikov capital Skopin-Shumsky qhinga ekhethwe win-win. Rapid ukuhlaselwa amahashe enzima, wadala kumacandelo ukuhlasela hlamarisaka iadvanteji.

Cossacks kunye nezinye raznosherstaya nomkhosi Ivan Bolotnikov akazange kuba nexesha elaneleyo zokudubula lwabo ukulwa ubunzima ilahleko.

Injongo North

Ngelo xesha, kufuphi Novgorod kwakukho umngcipheko wokwenene yokulahlekelwa ummandla kunye kukuwa rhulumente. Tsar Vasily wathumela umtshana wakhe Michael. Voivod, yakhwela umzi emantla, ndafumanisa ukuba le meko luyathandabuzeka kakhulu. arhente Bolotnikova wakwazi ukweyisela ezinye izinduna zasekuhlaleni kunye nezidwangube kwi amatyala "polutsarya". Le meko iqina kunye nento yokuba izixeko ezikufuphi ka Pskov kunye Ivangorod eMoscow utshintshile lobumi.

Ngethamsanqa, i Novgorod irhuluneli Tatishchev wahlala enyanisekile kukumkani, kunye Skopin-Shumsky, baye iphuhlise isicwangciso isenzo. Embassy of Novgorod, ikhokelwa ukumkani wadibana wevangeli iintetho kunye nentloko imikhosi Swedish ka Yakobom Delagardi, benza isivumelwano ubuhlobo kunye naye nxamnye Commonwealth.

Skopin-Shumsky eyomelezile umoya imikhosi Novgorod, ngoko xa iindonga zesixeko, xa ithemba uloyiso lula, ifikelele komele of Polish Pan Kozinetskogo, bahlangana ukuvula isango, nemipu evela iindonga Novgorod. Pan kwafuneka sibuyele elambatha.

Battle phantsi kwibhoyila

Ukubuyela eMoscow, nomtshana kakumkani, ngobuchule wajika, wabanyanzela umkhosi Ivana Bolotnikova ukuba kwidabi kufuphi elalini kufuphi Moscow Boilers ngoDisemba 2, 1806. Kwidabi komsindo nxamnye Cossack ukukhanya amahashe, enethemba zolondolozo kwaye ulindele Skopina njengoko phantsi iindonga eMoscow, uhlaselo counter ihashe, alimwi aselula bavukeli basebenzisa amaqhinga engalindelekanga.

Kunokuba Buyisela ukusika ihashe mlilo wahlangatyezwa volleys of grapeshot. Wabonisa amandla akhe bakha ngexesha abaxhobela ukulwa nxamnye angenelela zokudubula (Abatoli wambiza ngokuthi 'ukuhamba-ifildi "). Emva koko ukwakha bolotintsev awayedimazekile liqhephuka ephangweni ye kwicala yempembelelo abakhwele enzima.

Ngubani na ngenxa yakhe ndonakalelwa zezi yomkhosi Cossack Ataman, basinda encirclement, lihambe nge Serpukhov ku ukulungela ukusebenza. Noko ke, MV Skopin-Shumsky wahlabela mgama ukuguqulela isicwangciso sakhe ihlasele yokuhlasela eziqhubekayo. NgoJuni 1607 kunomyayi River ezintathu webutho yakhe bayiqhekeza kumnombo ukuziphendulela beqela benkathazo, ngubani lihambe liye Tula, bema apho.

ukuthatha Tula

City ngeendonga ezomeleleyo, ukutya kunye armories kwaba nut nzima ngothanda ukuba kuvunywe yasebukhosini. Kwaye Ivan Bolotnikov, indoda amanyathelo, akufani inkwenkwe kokubethwa. Skopin-Shuisky wazama ukuba ndiyithabathe yesaqhwithi, kodwa ungaphumeleli.

Umtshana yokumkani uyayiqonda iingenelo na imeko abavikeli, zokudubula zabo. Alingisa nasekuxinweni Ukubeka ngokwenene omnye isicwangciso, ubuqili ngakumbi. Commander Skopin Shumsky ngasese wayalela umlambo, leyo Tula, ukwakha edamini. Xa lithe inqanaba lamanzi liphuma, satshatyalaliswa. It kwagcwala zokugcina zokudubula elikhuselayo kunye nezincedisi. Le aphume elandelayo Tula waba yimpumelelo. Ekubeni hlokondiba of Bolotnikov kwalo.

Noko ke, phezu kwetrone eMoscow vu isoyikiso okukhulu.

NguDmitry False II. War ne Poland

ababawa Polish, ukubona nento impangele, amagqabi akukho themba kukuhlutha e kulongamo. Ingcamango iphulo elitsha akanyanzelekanga ukuba kunini. Ngoko ke wazalwa i False nguDmitry II, ukuba uTimoti lo Commonwealth, umntu uludwayi ilawulwe, - i-inshorensi ukuba matshi kwi eMoscow. Isiseko of butho, owathetha phantsi mission kucingelwa, webutho Sapieha kunye Ruzhin namajoni 14,000. Zangamawele, zithabathela amabutho Cossack of Trubetskoy kunye Zarutsky (eyayifudula umkhosi yokuqala False nguDmitry). Lo mkhosi kuhlala kwicala Tula, ukuze connect with Bolotnikov, kodwa akazange abe nexesha.

Tsar Vasily wathumela Skopin-Shumsky ukuba uncedo Novgorod kunye namahlakani Swedish.

NgoMeyi 1609 umkhosi Russian-Swedish Skopina and De la Gardie, ukufudukela eMoscow, waqalisa kurhangqa iindwalutho. Yena wancediswa regiments of ESmolensk zoomantyi Shein.

Abahlaseli siqhutywaqhutywa ukuya Old Rus, Toropets. Kwidabi kufuphi saseTver kubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo italente Committe umtshana yasebukhosini. Voivod Zborowski, ngubani bakholwa feint bakhe, walahlekelwa malunga 5000 amajoni.

Noko ke, emva kokuba olo loyiso brilliant Union Yakoba Delagardi kunye Skopin-Shumsky isiqaqa. Balwa ngabandayo neenjongo zezopolitiko ka impangele, baba nomdla neembasa. Kunye nomkhosi Russian wahlala butho Christer iSomme, enye yesihlanu Union izisayine. Ngoko ke, umkhosi Russian amandla kuthathelwe bahlaseli, kodwa ekulondolozweni isicwangciso yomanyano Prince Michael kubalulekile.

inkokeli

Skopin-Shumsky ngelo xesha ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, kuba emva wayeka phantsi Kalyazin, wathumela abathunywa kuye bevela ngeenxa zonke abaphuma kuluntu nezigodlo baqalisa ukufumana ukusekelwa kunye nemali. Ngelo xesha, umphathi sele baqeqeshwe ngempumelelo raznosherstoe engenayo imikhosi ukuba alwe kwi imodeli yaseSweden, ukufikelela uqeqesho kunye nobuchule. Ngenxa yokungabikho kugxininiswa imipu bristling amahashe ehamba-mzi. Elihamba bafunda kukuhlutha zobuqili amahashe ifihlakale umlilo.

Phantsi kwesikhokelo Skopin-Shumsky idabi kwenzeka phantsi kufuphi Kalyazin Trinity Monastery (Makar'ev) kunye alinganayo yakhe umkhosi iindwalutho Yana Sapegi kunye Zborowski. Interventionists ahlasele umyalelo zedabi Muscovites, ngexesha edabini iiyure ezisixhenxe ubunzima ilahleko bubuthongo lweMedia.

Russian wafudukela phambili, ukuba iphumelele Pereyaslav-Zaleski kunye Alexander kwihlomela. Baqinisa: Moscow irhuluneli yoonongendi wamnika imali kwi Delagardi mercenaries.

Ngelo xesha, izibonda bahlangana. 20 lamawaka amajoni elite Sapieha bamchasa Skopin-Shumsky. Noko ke, le mfazwe kwi mhlaba ngeyabo intetho kwathiwa, azuzeke Karin Russian ne Swedish. Abo stoically imelana nokuhlasela ngokungqalileyo crazy le hussars Polish, uyalibazisa iinkuni kunye nomhlaba iinqaba zabo, kuphela ukulahla zabo ephangweni.

Le ngokoyiswa butho Sapieha

Skopin-Shumsky loyiso banyazelisa Polish uKumkani eyathatha III ukubonisa ubuso bakhe buyinyaniso baxele imfazwe kwi impangele, etroneni apho wagqiba vossadit Prince Ladislas. Wathumela nempi yakhe waziphosa sokufezekisa impangele engundoqo - ESmolensk.

Nangona kunjalo, le ngozi inkulu Amadoda likaKumkani, yaye zibekwe kufutshane kakhulu eMoscow, phantsi Tushino nempi Sapieha (kungoko isiteketiso zembali False nguDmitry II - «Tushino njengesela"). Noko ke, Prince Michael akazange ashiye utshaba yedwa. Sally Skopinskaya irhuluneli phambi kokufika imikhosi eziphambili kwanyanzeleka izibonda abhenele ukusuka Tushino ukuya Dmitrov.

NgoFebruwari 1610 Skopin-Shumsky uMikhail lasungula kwidabi kwi eMoscow deprotected. generalship lakhe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo - ukutshatisa umphathi kamva Russian yomkhosi, Suvorov. Waye iifom imfutshane ixesha kunokwenzeka webutho ski of musketeers, owathi, ngenxa safikelwa ngesantya esiphezulu kushenxa, ndizitshabalalise inkampu phambili zezibonda uze uyisebenzise izixhobo kwicala elahlukileyo. Nangoko (ukuba Februwari 20) waluhlangula lossless umkhosi Russian nangoko Ubhukuqa umkhosi Sapieha, asitshabalalise kakhulu. Nabanumzana abasindileyo basabele ESmolensk, ukuze connect with lasebukhosini.

endaweni yesiphelo

Victoriously akugqiba iphulo yasebusika ka-1610, nkosi yam kunye irhuluneli, Prince MV Skopin-Shuya kwi uzuko abuyele eMoscow. Waba bachwayita sonwabe, zokulindela komjikelo isigqibo ku ESmolensk.

Izinduna bothuka le Brown oselula uthixo onamandla Russian yemfazwe uba uthando ebantwini, nto leyo ke zange ndiliphuphileyo. Kuyo bebona ubandezele izibeka bamandla akhe ngaphezu izidwangube. Lobutshijolo ihleli iinjongo yentsapho umzalwana kakumkani, nguDmitry, zisithi etroneni. Yena ngabom kudala amarhe okuba uMikhail Skopin-Shumsky ufuna ukuba lokumkani. "Polutsar", kuba yena avezwe ngentliziyo, ligunyazisa ukubulawa umtshana wakhe.

Skopin-Shumsky ulumkisa ngengozi umhlobo wakhe, i Swede Jakob de la Gardie, ebongoza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ukuqala inkampani anti-Polish. Noko ke, uTshawe eliyinkunzi ungxamile.

Kuba ungubawo yaba kukuba kukubulawa kwakhe izicwangciso kwangaphambili. Waye waqeshwa ngexesha ubhaptizo unyana usana ka-Prince Vorotynsky. Skopin-Shumsky wamema owayemele, kunye poisoner yakhe (umfazi Prince nguDmitry Catherine, intombi Malyuta Skuratov) - Ummeli. Bonke wagqiba kwelokuba baswayipha indebe yakhe yewayini. Iimpawu etheni kunxibelelana abo wabonakaliswa Boris Godunov. Noko ke, umzimba enamandla ka-Prince Michael iiveki ezimbini ukuzama ukuxhathisa ityhefu ebulalayo.

Ngoko ke abazalwana inkohlakalo eyayinentliziyo Shuiskys wabulala izandla zabo zabantu, ukukwazi ukugcina ubukhosi bawo, leyo ke ibifihliwe kwasemaphakadeni uMikhail Skopin-Shumsky. Esifutshane kodwa brilliant ubomi bakhe. Ekufeni kwakhe lonke eMoscow enxibe zokuzila, isijwili iqhawe lesizwe ngokwenene. Breakfast yi Knight Delagardi bakhalaza ukuba ndawo, nokuba eRashiya, okanye xa ekhaya akazange ukuhlangabezana nomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni.

hero omalume, mbulali yakhe, abangazange bafumane italente okanye hlela impangele okanye enokukhokelela umkhosi wayo kungekudala ngokwabo Urhintyelwe nezibonda, yaye isixeko eyinkunzi sathathwa ignominiously, ngaphandle umlo.