Pet Berngardovich Struve: engobomi, iimbono, igalelo yokuhlalisana

Pet Berngardovich Struve (1870-1944) - enye amanani zoluntu Russian kakhulu aziwayo ezopolitiko. ukuthanda kwakhe iquka ezoqoqosho, ubuntatheli, imbali kunye bulumko.

Pet Berngardovich Struve: ibhayografi emfutshane

Wazalelwa kwintsapho Berngarda Struve, ngubani wayeyirhuluneli Perm, uPetros wafumana imfundo esemagqabini.

isikolo yokuqala kwisikolo esiphakamileyo e-St Petersburg. Emva kokuba umfana isigqibo sokushiya ikhaya lwabazali yaye bahlala endlwini AM Kalmykova endaweni nonina, waya kwiYunivesithi kuloo mzi. Ekuqaleni, uPetros watyelela sokuzikhethela zenzululwazi zendalo, ngoko (emva konyaka omnye) badlula uMthetho.

uthando lwakhe ingcamango abangabaxhasi bakaMarx yaba negalelo kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelele lombutho isangqa weendawo. Le yunivesithi Pet Berngardovich Struve wafundiswa de 1894, yena ngelo xesha ubavelele Austria, apho waba Unjingalwazi wenzululwazi ngabantu L. Gumplowicz. Kwaba apha ukuba uPetros wagqiba ekubeni abe ngezoqoqosho.

Qala imisebenzi journalistic

Inqaku lokuqala, ayibhala yapapashwa Pet Berngardovich Struve, epapashwe kwelinye lamaphephandaba German Social-Democratic ngoxa Austria.

Eshwankathela imisebenzi Struve njenge yekhasi, oko lungohlulwa lube ezilandelayo ezinye izigaba ababini:

1. Pre-mbuso. Imbalelwano, amanqaku kunye nezincoko, kubhaliwe phambi 1907, baba yinxalenye yophononongo nokugxekwa beengcamango Marx kaThixo. babonakalisa kwakhona nasekusungulweni nezimvo uPetros endle ezoqoqosho kunye yokuhlalisana.
2. Post-mbuso. Imisebenzi Struve kule xesha umzabalazo ukulondoloza ubunye Russia. Kwakhona nokugxekwa kubonakala ejoliswe maximalism olululo.

Kwimicimbi ngokubanzi, ngoku isebenza lo mzobo amele umsebenzi isikali, ecacisa nokuhlalutya iinkqubo zangaphakathi kwenzeka kuluntu Russian ngelo xesha, ngokwembono yokuhlalisana.

iimbono zezopolitiko Struve kunye zazivelela yazo

Yena i admirer wangumququzeleli Marxism ebutsheni bakhe, Struve Pet Berngardovich emva iziganeko olululo 1907 lenyuka kwisikhundla sokuba liberalism endala. Inkqubo besprimeren yotshintsho kwezopolitiko, kodwa asihlawulele iimpawu zopolitiko uPetros wakhonza umsebenzi wakhe Economics, kwabantu, philology nefilosofi. Ethetha ngokwakhe, Pet Berngardovich Struve waphawula ukuba indawo yayo ayikwazi kumiselwa kugxininisa esiqu iqela-ezopolitiko.

Ngenxa yokuba iinkolelo zezopolitiko ntliziyo V. I. Lenin wamnika Struve uvavanyo embi kakhulu eyayiphazamisa igama layo kule minyaka. Kumaxesha Soviet, isafobe merit kukhankanywa kwi ezentlalo sele kuphela ngendlela elibi, kwaye nomsebenzi khange ishicilelwe. Le meko kule minyaka yokugqibela eSoviet Union, yaye namhlanje kuhlawulelwa ngokupheleleyo uphuhliso yayo negalelo unikwe yelifa ngokwasengqondweni kwaye kwezopolitiko kwilizwe lethu.

Ukusuka Marxism yintshukumo zobunene

Ukufuna wawo endaweni imboniselo abangabaxhasi bakaMarx kuza yimibono yentanda kunye conservatism silinene, nto leyo eyaba ngengcwangu ukuyikhusela Struve Pet Berngardovich. figure Biography uquka ezininzi amagama abadumileyo ukuba bamncede ukuyilahla kwakulawula Russian. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, indlu ndivakalisa "Contemporary Review" ihlelwa 1900. msebenzi olona kwapapashwa amaxwebhu ezahlukeneyo olunokubeka urhulumente okhoyo.

Emva kokuthatha inxaxheba umboniso mass uPetros asekuthinjweni, kwafuneka ukuba aye yaseTver. Ukusebenzisa umshicileli ngemali D. E. Zhukovskogo, owaba umlandeli wakhe, Struve wakwazi ukulungiselela imveliso lo lindixesha "Liberation" eJamani. Ukuze ufumane imvume ashiye intatheli wacela uncedo kubahlobo eziphezulu.

Noko ke, ireferensi nako ukuthintela ukubhalwa imisebenzi zoncwadi ekufundweni iziseko zeentanda-nkqubo zobunene. Amazing wayeneminyaka emihlanu kuphela ubudala xa usebenzisa enye abalandeli, ukuxolelwa ngezityholo ezopolitiko wakhululwa Struve Pet Berngardovich. Biography of bulumko nentatheli kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo ebomini, uchaza umsebenzi sakhe Polytechnic Institute eSt Petersburg. Ekuqaleni utitshala, umhlohli unjingalwazi obungaqhelekanga, ekugqibeleni waba yintloko yesebe yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko.

Ngeli xesha, kwabhalwa kwathiwa yi umsebenzi ziphambili kwezoqoqosho of Peter ( "soQoqosho Price"), imiqulu ezahlukeneyo leyo eyaba inkosi yakhe kunye ubugqirha.

Umzabalazo wokulwa Bolshevism

I-revolution yamaBolshevik kwafuneka Struve sengqondo esibi kakhulu. Kungekudala, emva kwezi ziganeko kweenyanga ezimbalwa, uPetros Struve kunye Berngardovich G. N. Trubetskoy waya Don. Ngexesha bobabini babengamalungu weZiko Right (umbutho mthethweni). Worker ithabathe inxaxheba ekubunjweni Lamatsha Army. Apho, uPetros waba ilungu elonyulwe le-Don ibhunga yoluntu, nto leyo wenza njengoko kwintlanganiso yezobupolitika wenza phantsi General Alekseev.

Emva kokuba umkhosi kwanyanzeleka ukuba enze loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yi- iphulo Ice, Struve ngokufihlakeleyo wafika kwikomkhulu. Yena waba ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu ukuhlala ubume mthethweni. Ngeli xesha, uPetros inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokudala omnye umbutho inamandla anti-yamaBolshevik komhlaba ebizwa ngokuba "Center National". Indawo luni lomsebenzi kwisebe eMoscow bombutho.

Zenzeka yokoyika ebomvu, wamqumbisa yi ukuzama kubulawa kwi Lenin, inkokeli banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye ikomkhulu. lisithe lakhe yile Alyatino in Vologda.

Intsukumo e Europe

Kamva, emva kokuba uhambo oluya kumazwe kumantla eRashiya, Struve wakwazi ukuya eFinland. Apha yena AV Kartashov (elinye ilungu embindini) idibene General N. N. Yudenichem yaye yabamba iintetho malunga umbutho izinto ezidibeneyo. Ngenxa umsebenzi oluhlanganeyo ngobuchule amalungu amaqela anti-yamaBolshevik, Yudenich wakhokela iziko emkhosini-ezopolitiko eFinland.

UPetros ingqalelo imbasa "kwiKomiti inkululeko Russian." Lo mbutho wasekwa ngo-1919 kwaye kusetyenzwe ukuvuselelwa Russia, ngokunjalo ekukhuliseni eliphakamileyo phakathi kwezinye amazwe. Le komiti kuhlelo yemihla ngemihla amaphepha ashicilelweyo ebonisa iziganeko eyiyo eRashiya. unxibelelwano Ukuseka kunye Admiral A. V. Kolchakom kunye norhulumente bakhe negalelo kulwabiwo-mali ngenxa "Center National".

Akukho ngaphantsi esebenzayo Struve wasebenza azive eFransi wasebenza kunye namalungu "intlanganiso Russian kwezopolitiko."

Ngenxa yemigudu yakhe, sobulumko umbhali, wagwetyelwa yi ngasentendelezweni RSFSR afe. Sekunjalo, uPetros iyaqhubeka intsebenziswano yawo kunye iinjengele White kunye nemisebenzi esebenzayo journalistic.

Peter Struve wafa e Paris ngo-1944, apho wayehlala nentsapho yakhe ukususela 1942.

iimbono sobulumko kwithiyori kwezopolitiko

Struve waba ummeli Marxism elisemthethweni ekuthiwa-eRashiya. Eli gama idla ngokuba intshukumo sezentlalo, ukusuka kwindawo sethiyori ezizinzululwazi lwembono, uliqonda ukuchaneka Marx ngemfundiso yakhe kwezoqoqosho akunakuphepheka ngembali inkqubo yobungxowankulu.

Worker wavuma indlela yobungxowankulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho njengesiseko kunokwenzeka ukwenzela ukuchuma kwezoqoqosho Russia. Ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo inguqu kwezentlalo kunye neemeko zokulima apho umntu ngamnye akwazi, ezi zinto zibalulekile ukuba wakhetha Struve Pet Berngardovich. Ideas lo mzobo elichaphazelekayo imigaqo nokucwangciswa yoohlohlesakhe karhulumente. Struve wamthabatha indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu, ebiza "ngumququzeleli umyalelo", onako ukuphelisa kwiimpixano a yezentlalo, ngokunjalo lungisa eluntwini ngokwemigqaliselo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko.

Innovation Peter Struve

Indlela Struve bazitshitshisela amacandelo ezintathu ezingundoqo olwalukho ngcinga yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko :

• Ukuxelenga theory yexabiso.
• Imfundiso eluncedo ebekiwe.
• School Historical.

Eli nani waba ngowokuqala owasebenzisa kwinkqubo kunye nendlela ekusekeni isiseko apho eyakhiwe iindidi yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Wacela inkqubo emanqanaba mathathu-kobudlelwane:

• Household.
• Off-efama.
• Socio-nemveliso.

Kwakhona bobabo ngoluvo ukuba iinguqulelo musa ukuya sibali izithethe abahlala abantu kunye nemilinganiselo yayo zenkcubeko. Kufuneka phambili ngokwakhela phezu kwesi siseko.

Pet Berngardovich Struve: igalelo yokuhlalisana

Kubalulekile ukukhankanya inkqubo yentlalo nezoqoqosho, Zichazwe ngumyalelo sobulumko. Oku kusekelwe iingqiqo ezifana "ixabiso", "inzuzo kwezoqoqosho ',' imali 'kunye' value." Le peculiarity yale nkqubo kukuba i "ixabiso" icandelo inikwe iwonga esisiseko. Kujongwe ukuba ekwakhiweni yonke inyaniso lwezentlalo noqoqosho. Kwakhona olu didi Struve yenzelwe njengesiseko bonke sibhalele-off yentlalo-qoqosho, ngelo xesha, njengoko Marx zisetyenziselwa le njongo, ithiyori yexabiso surplus.

Ethethelela imfuneko 'revolution endala "eRashiya - enye izimvo eziphambili liphuhlise Pet Berngardovich Struve. Kwabantu lufundiswa kwiiyunivesithi mihla, ukufunda imfundiso ngokwentando yesininzi kuluntu Russian, eli nani ecetywayo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwakufuneka izibonelelo zilandelayo:

• resource Personal.
• ingxenye sokuhlola.
• ingxenye ngabom.
• ubomi ayinyani.
• izibonelelo zenkcubeko nezembali.
• resource esebenzayo.

Struve kwimisebenzi yophuhliso kwithiyori kwenkcubeko

Igalelo lakhe abasebenza kuqaliswa ngokusetyenziswa kwe uhlalutyo lwesemantiki, besebenzisa iitekisi zoncwadi. izithixo yakhe UNikolai Leskov, UNikolai Gogol, F. Dostoevsky kunye nabanye ababhali abadumileyo. Ukongeza, Struve phantsi kokuqwalaselwa kunye nomsebenzi ezinobuchule Pushkin, embiza umntu ofanelekileyo nomba kwezentlalo nezopolitiko zobomi.
Sobulumko abazibiza Umgaqo ukuqatshelwa yokuvikela inkululeko ngamnye, ngokunjalo ukugcina umyalelo ezinzileyo yezopolitiko kunye namandla kakhulu karhulumente. Wathi ukuba umntu inkcubeko Russian - unxibelelwano kunye neendlela kukudibanisa disintegrating splochayuschee isizwe karhulumente. Culture kuba inentsingiselo yayo: ukusebenzisa iimpawu zabo zobugcisa nokumanya. Struve ayekholelwa ukuba zonke iinkalo (abasebenzi, ezopolitiko, ubudlelwane yobuhlanga) ukuba yandomeleza inkcubeko.

nokubhala

Enye imisebenzi yoncwadi ibalulekileyo ukuba wadala Pet Berngardovich Struve - 'zizifundiswa and Revolution "(1909). Enyanisweni, lo msebenzi inqaku esele ifakiwe kule ncwadi "Iimbalasane".

Ukuqokelelwa Struve, kuquka nophononongo zonke iziganeko zezopolitiko kunye nezenkcubeko ezibalulekileyo ezenzeka eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe, yapapashwa ngowe-2004 yaye isihloko "I Diary of tiko."