Nizhny Novgorod NPP: inkcazo, imiqathango yokwakha, olunomdla kunye nohlaziyo

Malunga ukwakhiwa into enjalo kubalulekile kuqoqosho njengoko Nizhny Novgorod NPP, amajelo eendaba baqalisa ingxelo ngo-2006 Le projekthi kwesi sikhululo yinto lezibuko ne okwangoku boxhomekeko nokwakhiwa Novovoronezh NPP. Customer le fasilithi intsha inkampani "Energoatom". Eneneni le projekthi iye yaphuhliswa yinkampani lobunjineli "Atomproekt" (Nizhny Novgorod).

Nokwenzeka zokwakha

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kummandla Nizhny Novgorod, ngelishwa, akukho sisityalo enkulu namandla. Kuyo yonke le iintlobo iifektri asebenza kwingingqi kakhulu kunene. Ngenxa yoko, ukunqongophala kwamandla iba eziyimiqobo emibi kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwengingqi. Ukwakhiwa izityalo amandla enyukliya kunceda ukusombulula ngokupheleleyo le ngxaki. Emva kokwakhiwa into enkulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kule ngingqi kuya kubakho amawaka zemisebenzi emitsha. Kwakhona iingcali zithi ukuba ulwakhiwo esi sikhululo siza kuba yingenelo nje kuphela Nizhny Novgorod, kodwa kwiindawo ezikufuphi. Ngapha koko, unikezelo lombane emva ulwakhiwo amandla enyukliya kulindeleke ukuba uvelise kwaye apho.

uya kwakha phi Nizhny Novgorod NPP - isigqibo sokugqibela

Ekwenzeni le projekthi amandla enyukliya ekuqaleni wacinga ukuba ibekwe iziza ezibini: 23 km ukusuka Murom, kufuphi kwilali Monakovo (kwisithili Navashino) okanye km 20 kumzantsi-ntshona Uren (Uren). Ngo-2009, emva kokuba uphando olubanzi yenziwe kwi ndawo, kukhetha wanikwa lwalo lokuqala. Station akhe ngaloo kufuphi Monakovo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ulwakhiwo izityalo zamandla enyukliya kule ndawo iya kuxabisa 20 bhiliyoni engange zitshiphu.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni nabantu

Njengoko developers projekthi bathi, Nizhny Novgorod NPP - into lokwakha kokusingqongileyo ziya alichatshazelwa kule ngingqi. Izikhululo Modern Enziwe ngendlela yokuba nkqu ngqo intsimi yabo entsha radiation wesiqalo anayenza. Ngoko ke, iilali ezikufuphi kwindawo zolwakhiwo isityalo esitsha amandla enyukliya ukuzinza, Kakade, ngeke. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa isikhululo iya kuba stimulus ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lweziseko kwisithili Navashino.

iingxoxo malunga

Kakade ke, yamkholisa kunye nokwakhiwa kwesikhululo kummandla Nizhny Novgorod ayikho bonke. Eyona ngxoxo yabadlali kokwakhiwa kwale ndawo abeke phambili ukuba rhoqo kwasekwa endhawini lali Monakovo karst ndoyisiwe. Nangona kunjalo, abavelisi projekthi uthobe olunabantu luphando zejoloji ilizwe ngesiko kwindawo iikhilomitha eziliqela kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba ulwakhiwo kweeyunithi.

Iimpawu design

Kuthathwa ukuba ziquka izityalo amandla enyukliya kwingingqi Nizhny Novgorod uya kuba iiyunithi ezimbini. umthamo wabo lilonke 2510 MW. Ukongeza sihlelwe ukwakha zamandla ezimbini ngaphezulu. Ekuqaleni, lo eNizhniy Novgorod NPP wayefuna ukusebenzisa iiyunithi amandla VVER-1200. Kamva ke, isigqibo ukusebenzisa yindlela engcono kwaye ikhuselekile. Ngokutsho projekthi yangoku, isityalo siya kusebenzisa amanzi-zipholile VVER-toi. NPP ngokwayo iya kuquka isakhiwo engundoqo, izibonelelo, ukhuseleko ngokubonelela, kunye nezibonelelo nenkxaso.

Zokuhamba phezu ummandla isikhululo bekumele ukuba enze yokuqala uloliwe / kaloliwe. Noko ke, kamva kwagqitywa endaweni imoto. Kuyenzeka ukunciphisa ummandla esitishini aze anciphise iindleko.

VVER-toi

Indawo VVER-1200 kwi VVER-toi ngenxa ngokuyintloko yokwanda emva iimfuno zokhuseleko Fukushima. Nuclear ngcono VVER-toi reactor uyakwazi ukumelana neenkanyamba, iinkanyamba kunye kwesantya somoya-56 m / s, inyikima - ngamanqaku-8, ukuwa moya anobunzima 400, kunye wave xi kukothuka ukuya ku-30 kPa. Izinto eziluncedo ze-VVER-toi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuquka into yokuba xa naziphi na iingxaki, ngoko nangoko iyavalwa ngokuzenzekelayo.

zesayensi umbono

iingcali abaninzi bakholelwa ulwakhiwo mveliso samandla senyukliya kummandla Nizhny Novgorod, Kakade, kufanelekileyo kwaye kuyimfuneko. Izimvo zesayensi malunga namandla enyukliya kwiimeko ezininzi, Kakade ke, ezintle. Izinto eziluncedo ze ukwakhiwa izityalo zamandla enyukliya ziquka:

• i cheapness isihlobo lwemveliso yamandla;

• limsulwa kwemvelo imveliso wafumana;

• ithuba indawo yogcino (NPP abahlala kwindawo oluncinci xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindidi kwizikhululo).

Noko ke, phakathi zesayensi kukho abachasi kulwakhiwo izityalo ezinjalo. Iingcali ezininzi cinga ingcamango ukusebenzisa kwabo kuyingozi kakhulu.

E Nizhny Novgorod, omnye lwabasunguli iintshukumo zoqhankqalazo ngokuchasene ulwakhiwo yento efana Nizhny Novgorod NPP, waba yamachiza zenyukliya ezaziwayo-kakuhle A. Ozharovsky. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwisithili Navashino - hayi indawo engcono ukwakha isityalo amandla enyukliya. asiyoyakwakha akukho namnye wakha ehlabathini Carsten NPP. Kwingingqi Nizhny Novgorod, enyanisweni, iya kubeka experiment yingozi. Noko ke, njengokuba A. lowu Ozharovsky, ukwakha isikhululo kwindawo karst nokuba yingozi ngaphezu kummandla seismically esebenzayo.

Iimbono abemi abaqhelekileyo

Ukwakhiwa mveliso samandla senyukliya Nizhny Novgorod kummandla Navashino, Kakade, wamqumbisa iziphumo ezixubeneyo ekuhlaleni. Emva amasekela bavumelana nokwakhiwa eli ziko ebalulekileyo, abahlali mmandla, enyanisweni, yahlulwe ndimfuduka mbini. Abanye abemi bakhetha ekwakhiweni izityalo zamandla enyukliya, ucinga ukuba oku nemiphumo emihle kwi imeko yemali mmandla. Kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukwandisa izinto kakuhle, ukuba bonke abahlali Nizhny Novgorod. Okunye kuvele Andifuni ukuhlala ecaleni isixhobo esiyingozi kwaye uhlele iintlobo zoqhankqalazo - ukusuka Rally ukuba ndibhenele kamongameli. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwabantu, ithuba lokuphumelela bume kunye abachasi ukwakhiwa kule meko, akukho phantse akukho. Nangona ezimbi maxa amaninzi indlela yoluntu, isikhululo uya kungekudala kamva kwakhiwa.

ixesha lokwakha

Kakade ke, ukuba baya kwakha nini yaye apho isityalo amandla enyukliya Nizhny Novgorod, bangathanda ukwazi abantu abaninzi, kummandla nje kuphela, kodwa engqongileyo. Le projekthi kuqala ukusebenza isikhululo ezilalini kummandla Monakovo kufuneka kungaqala kwangoko kangangoko 2014. Ukuchotshelwa bokwakha olwenziwe ngo-2009 Le projekthi samkelwe, kodwa NPP akazange baqalisa ukwakha. Abachasi kokwakhiwa kwesikhululo baba gidi. Noko ke, ngoJanuwari 2013, uSekela-Mongameli JSC kuqoqosho "NIAEP" B. Katz uthe ukwakhiwa isityalo samandla enyukliya ziya kuqala ngo-2014 Kodwa ke eli xesha nemihla zimisiwe. Ngokutsho iingxelo olusandukubakho olwenziweyo ngabameli ulawulo lommandla Nizhny Novgorod, ziya kuqala nokwakhiwa kwesikhululo phantsi Monakovo ngo-2019 Iyunithi lokuqala kulo mzekelo iya ngo-2022, lo wesibini - ngo-2025 Omnye zamandla ezimbini ukuya kwakhiwa 2030.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga namandla enyukliya

Ngoko ukwakhiwa Nizhny Novgorod NPP kwabangela uloyiko esemthethweni eluntwini. Kakade ke, amaxhala abantu sobulali singamiswa ingqalelo ngaphezu gwe. Kwimeko yengozi kwiziko uya kuba neziphumo kuphela yintlekele, kodwa embi ngokwenene. Ngaphezu koko, oko kuya kuchaphazela kuphela abahlali kwingingqi Nizhny Novgorod, kodwa yonke loo mmandla. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba ingozi eChernobyl leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ezinokosulela mmandla, kungekuphela nje eUkraine kodwa e Belarus, eRashiya nkqu Europe.

Isiza zokwakha Nizhny Novgorod NPP, mhlawumbi andinyulanga kakuhle. Noko ke, abaninzi neenkxalabo zoluntu malunga izikhululo ezinjalo abathanga zizizathu ngokupheleleyo. Eneneni eyoyikekayo kuphela eyona ngozi amandla enyukliya kwemitha izityalo ukuvuza. Kuzo zonke ezinye izityalo amandla enyukliya - iphephe kakhulu, kwindawo ezingqongileyo ndawo phantse azinampembelelo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo:

• Kukho imbono yokuba abantu abahlala kufutshane izityalo amandla enyukliya badla ubunzima wegazi. Noko ke, loo nto ayithethi angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi. Ngokutsho manani, esi sifo kuqhelekile ngokulinganayo naphi na ehlabathini.

• Abanye abachasi amandla enyukliya bakholelwa ukuba abagrogrisi ukuze ibhekiswe reactor, umzekelo, lo moya zebiwe, ebangela nozipho. Noko ke, uphando olwenziwayo kunye izibalo lubonise ukuba akukho zithuthi, umkhweli okanye ezontathu nawuphi na umonakalo omkhulu izinto ezinjalo nje babange ayikwazi.

• Kukho kwakhona imbono yokuba inkunkuma eqhumayo izityalo amandla enyukliya kungekudala waphuphuma macala onke. Kunjalo, naye a ulahlekiso. Inkunkuma kwizityalo amandla enyukliya kungabonwa. yokugcina abakhoyo kwakhona ngaphezu kwakanye kwiminyaka 20-40.

Ziziphi ezinye izikhululo ziza kwakhiwa eRashiya kule minyaka izayo

Yinxalenye yeprojekthi enkulu, nto leyo eza eRashiya ukuya ku-2030, lo baseMzantsi Urals, Nizhny Novgorod kunye Tatar NPP. Ngeli xesha, ukongeza sikhululo Monakovo, kulindeleke ukuba kwakhiwe zamandla ezimbini Ozersk (kummandla eChelyabinsk), kunye ababini - elalini. Kamskie Glade (RT).

South phambene amandla enyukliya isityalo ekugqibeleni uya kuba neeyunithi ezintathu. amandla ayo kuya kufikelela ku-2400 MW. Ekuqaleni ingqalelo iziza eziliqela yesikhululo. Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho kwenziwe ngokuthanda Metlino zokuhlala kufutshane nedolophu Ozersk. Ngokutsho projekthi kwesi sikhululo BN-800 ziza kufakelwa.

project Tatar NPP yaphuhliswa 70s zenkulungwane lokugqibela. imisebenzi oluMiselweyo esakhiweni ekhethiweyo kwakhe kufutshane kwilali Polyana Kamskie yaqala ngo-1980 Ngelishwa, emthonjeni ka-1990, esi sibonelelo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali baye emkhenkceni. Ngokutsho iprojekthi entsha kwi isityalo siya kufakwa units ezine. Ekugqibeleni, isikhululo amandla ka-1210 MW.

endaweni yesiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza safumanisa apho uya Nizhny Novgorod NPP ibekwe kwaye xa uya kwakhiwa. Ukuze kwakhiwe le fasilithi kufuphi Murom kufuphi nelali Monakovo. Kakade ke, inzuzo kwindawo yokwakha amandla enyukliya ziya kufumana kakhulu. amasekela Nizhny Novgorod abaye bathatha isigqibo ekwakhiweni kwayo, ukuba ziyalandeleka. amandla kusilela kule ngingqi omkhulu ngokwenene. Kodwa uluvo loluntu, Kakade ke, loo nto ithathwa ukuba ufunwayo. Ubuncinane abasemagunyeni banyanzelekile ukuba ukunxibelelana ngokucacileyo ukuchazela uluntu ukuba kuyingozi ukwakha isikhululo kufutshane kwilali Monakovo - kule ndawo karst.