Earth Sciences: Geography. Ngubani na izazinzulu kuqala elitsha elithi 'ukuma'?

Kukho Sciences ezininzi, nto leyo yenza njengoko into yokufunda Umhlaba kunye nohlobo yayo. Kweli nqaku liza siya kugxininisa omnye kubo. Yintoni esimi nokuba uyafunda? Ngubani na xa eyaziswa nenzululwazi eli gama?

izifundo zenzululwazi eMhlabeni

Kukho inzululwazi enzima, into yokufunda apho omnye - Umhlaba kunye nohlobo yayo. Kananjalo ke wabhekisela njengoko nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Oku physics (igama ukusuka lesiGrike, lithetha "indalo"), ibhayoloji, eziphilayo, chemistry, kakade, ngendawo. Okulandelayo, esiza kuxubusha ngayo ngokweenkcukacha undoqo kwakunye neenjongo zeli uqeqesho yenzululwazi, kwakunye ukufumana ukuba yeyiphi enye izazinzulu yokuqala eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "geography".

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kumaxesha amandulo, ngemihla ekuqaleni inzululwazi hlobo, lonke ulwazi zelimiweyo bamanyene ingqeqesho mnye. Kodwa ke, kunye nokwanda kolwazi olutsha, inzululwazi Umhlaba waqalisa umahluko. Ngoko kwabakho physics, ukuma, yokuma, ibhayoloji, uze emva koko abaninzi lwamacandelo ezintsha.

Kunjalo, zonke ezi inzululwazi zimanyene enye into yophando. Yiloo nje iinjongo kunye neenjongo abanayo - ezahlukeneyo. Physics isifundo zonke iinkqubo zendalo ngezimanga, eziphilayo ichaza kwiyantlukwano enezityalo nezilwanyana iplanethi yethu, kodwa geography - yinto yesayensi ukuba ufunda ukusebenza kumhlaba emvulophini woMhlaba.

Ngubani na izazinzulu kuqala elitsha elithi 'ukuma'?

Igama elithi "geography" iquka amagama amabini: "geo" - umhlaba kunye "Bala" - ndibhala, I ukuchaza. Loo nto injalo oko iguqulelwe ngokuthi "zemleopisanie". Ngubani kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "geography" kwimbali yenzululwazi?

Yaba sobulumko obalaseleyo yamaGrike kunye nzulu ngezinto ukusuka Eratosthenes waseKirene. Wayehlala waza wasebenza Greece yamandulo kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesithathu. izinto zophando Eratosthenes baba zahlukeneyo kangangokuba namhlanje kuya kubizwa, kwaye esiphambili kunye sezibalo, sezibalo, kunye philologist.

Eratosthenes Kirensk ekunokuthiwa omnye okokuqala kwimbali zejografi. Ngaphandle kwakhe, lo inzululwazi ujongene nezinye iinzululwazi yamandulo Greek - uStrabo, yekaHerodotus, uPtolemy. Le yokugqibela, ngasendleleni, wabhala umsebenzi voluminous phantsi kwesihloko laconic "Geography".

Eratosthenes igalelo kwinzululwazi geographical

Eratosthenes emagqabini siyifumana yokuba kuqala wazama ukulinganisa imilinganiselo zomhlaba (oko kukuthi umtya). Kakade ke, yena sele wayekholelwa ukuba Umhlaba wethu sphere. Ngenxa yoko zazinemilinganiselo kulwenze kwagqama inani ngqo - 39 590 km (ubude lokwenyaniso ikhweyitha koMhlaba imalunga 40,000 km)!

akazange Eratosthenes waba njani nako ukubala ngokuchanileyo ubungakanani Umhlaba? Ngapha koko, akazange abe izixhobo ngqo kunye nezixhobo, kwaye enyuka emajukujukwini, yena, naye, Kakade ke, nako. Isixhobo iphambili nzulu yaba ... ilanga! Ngokuba imilinganiselo yakhe wathabatha izixeko ezibini: Alexandria kunye Siena. Xa ilanga sele bade phezu Siena, ekubaleni e Alexandria orb "lisasalele emva" ngomhla 1/50 inxalenye isangqa ngokupheleleyo. Ukwazi umgama ngqo phakathi kwezi zixeko zibini, Eratosthenes ndiyandise ngokuphindwe-50 kwaye sele ifumene elide uluhlu emhlabeni!

Ngoku uyazi ukuba yeyiphi izazinzulu kuqala elitsha elithi "geography". Yintoni ukufunda eli yezenzululwazi langoku ixesha?

Yintoni ukufunda geography?

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eyona njongo yokufunda yejografi ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo: Uhlalutyo iimpawu zendawo lombutho emvulophini eendawo yomhlaba. Le yokugqibela, njengokuba sisazi, iqulathe Geospheres ezine: lithosfere, umoya, osuka kunye biosphere. Ngako oko, yonke inzululwazi yejografi lwahlulwe lwaba nobuninzi lwamacandelo emxinwa, nganye eneyazo iinjongo zalo kunye neenjongo.

amacandelo ezimbini ezinkulu zabelwa kwisakhiwo lenzululwazi eendawo mihla:

1. geography Physical.
2. geography Socio-noqoqosho.

Phakathi iingxaki ezinkulu ezingxamisekileyo ezisixhalabisayo zejografi mihla, zezi zilandelayo:

• impendulo yombuzo "Yintoni ukufunda geography";
• ingqiqo ubukho lesayensi;
• nokuzimisela imisebenzi engundoqo esimi lwekhulu xxi;
• definition iqumrhu igama elithi "iqokobhe ngokwezelizwe", "isithuba ngokwezelizwe," "landscape," "inkqubo zendalo", "geosystem" kunye nabanye;
• uphuhliso theoretical component theory azakuthi ankcede yejografi (okanye metageography);
• phezulu kwinkqubo yemfundo engabandakanyi ezakheke ubhalo of Sciences eendawo;
• ukufuna iindlela zokuphucula iindlela geographical uphando , njalo-njalo. d.

Ekuphetheni ...

Ngoku uyazi ukuba yeyiphi izazinzulu kuqala elitsha elithi "geography" kwinzululwazi. Yaba wamandulo sobulumko yamaGrike Eratosthenes waseKirene, owayephila BC ngenkulungwane III. Kodwa kwimbali inzululwazi yehlabathi, wazibonakalisa kungekuphela nje le mpumelelo. Ngokukodwa, Eratosthenes ngokuchanileyo ukulinganisa ubungakanani iplanethi yethu, ungenandawo izixhobo zale mihla.

Igama elithi "geography" liguqulelwe kwisiGrike njenge "zemleopisanie". Noko ke, iinjongo kunye nemisebenzi bezenzululwazi zizinto eziphambili kakhulu kwaye ezininzi ngaphezu nenkcazelo eliqhelekileyo kumphezulu womhlaba.