Semenovskaya Matryoshka: imbali yendalo, inkcazo kunye nokudweba. Abaphathi be-Semenovsk baveze iidodoli ezili-1600 ezidumile

Semenovskaya Matryoshka - emva kokuva igama lo msebenzi wobugcisa, wonke umntu uyakhumbula ilizwe lakubo beKhokhloma ukudweba, abakhandi, abenzi beengcibi, izixhobo zokhuni. Ekuqaleni matryoshka yayingeyena shishini lokuqala lobaphathi, kodwa ngokusisigxina yayingcambu kwizinto zobugcisa zedolophu yaseSemenov, e-Nizhny Novgorod. I-toy iyaziwa ngobuhle bayo kunye nombala oyingqayizivele.

ISemenovskaya Matryoshka yenye yeempawu ezikhethekileyo nezona zibonakalayo zaseRashiya. Le khumbuzo yabonakala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, xa kwimbali yelizwe izinto ezininzi zatshintsha ngokugqithiseleyo, zitshintsha inkcubeko yabantu baseRussia. Ngeli xesha, ixesha le "style Slavic" likhula. Unomdla ongakumbi kunye nobugcisa obutsha obuhle, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo imveliso yamandulo ivuselela.

Iyintoni idonki yokutya?

Ukuba uzama ukuchaza le nto yokudlala, yinto efana nale: idonki yokuzihlamba idonsa yaseProatia, apho ngaphakathi kukho iimboli ezifanayo, i-matryoshkas, ezifana nomnye ngobukhulu kunye nokudweba.

Iyokuqala yokudlala ityhuni yanikezelwa kubantu ngendlela yezinto ezisibhozo zokutshintshela iintombazana - amakhwenkwe, ezandleni zabo zithatha iinkuni ezimnyama kunye neenkukhu ezincinci, kunye neyokugqibela, encinci, yenziwe ngoluhlobo lwe-swaddled baby. Zonke iipopu ezisibhozo zazipende ngepeyinti ezinemibala ebomvu zisebenzisa i-folk motifs. Sika le matryoshka master-toy VP. Zvezdochkin, kunye nepeyinti nguSV. Malyutin.

Imbali yendalo

Ukudala imisebenzi yobugcisa "kwisitala somntu", abaculi abadumileyo, abakhithabhinethi, kwaye bavame ukuqeshisa abenzi bezobugcisa bathatha imifanekiso yeetayitile zabanye abantu. Kukho imfashini yento yonke yaseJapan, kuba imimandla yasempuma yobugcisa ngelo xesha iyona nto inomdla kakhulu. Emva koko umama waseDashiya wodonsa isidlo sangeniswe kwilizwe lethu.

Ukusuka kwisixeko saseJapan saseHonshu saziswa ngesimo seBuddhist sage - iFukuruma, ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ebekelwe imali emininzi efanayo, ubukhulu becala kuphela. Into ebangel 'umdla kukuba umsebenzi wokuqala wobugcisa wawuqoshwe ngumthi waseRashiya obanjwe ngokuyisimangaliso kwiziqithi zaseJapan.

Ngokwababhali-mlando, uSemenovskaya matryoshka, owaqala umlando kwi-19 leminyaka, wadalwa ngomfanekiso kaFukurum, wayengumfanekiso wakhe owaba ngumzekelo wesitokisi saseRussia.

Symbolism

I-Semenovskaya matryoshka luphawu lobunina, umfazi onamandla kwaye onempilo. I doll ephethe lonke intsapho nayo ifanekisela ukuzala.

Eli bhinqa ngumzali, umgcini weentloko. Unina kwakufuneka asebenze nzima, anakekele abantwana, anakekele ukutya, afuna izandla ezomeleleyo kunye nempilo, yingako imbewu ye-matryoshka ibonakala kakuhle-inondla kwaye ikhula.

Amanodoli anamehlo afanekisela intsapho eqinile, uncedo kunye kunye nolwalamano olusondeleyo ngokomoya.

Iphi igama elithi "matryoshka"

Chaza igama ledoli yaseRashiya ngokuhlalutya zonke iinkcukacha ezibhalwe ngezantsi. Matryoshka, Matryona, Matresha - ingcambu yelizwi livela kwisiLatin. Umlingani kwisiLatini ngokuguquguqukileyo uguqulela ngokuthi "unina", kuyamangalisa ukuba amanye amagama akanalo igama.

UMatryoshka ngumthombo wegama elithi Masha, Manya, Maria. Leli gama elisetyenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwamaSlav ngamaxesha onke.

UMatryoshka ligama le -kazikazi kaBuddhist uMatri.

Ngonaphakade kwimbali

KwiMiboniso Yehlabathi e-Paris ngo-1900, i-Russian matryoshka yawubona i-universal recognition, emva koko ukuveliswa kwayo kwenyuka kwinqanaba, njengoko ukufunwa kwanda kaninzi. Ngoko eSemenov - isixeko seemveliso zokhuni - kwaqala ukukhunjulwa. I-Semenovskaya matryoshka, imbali leyo yayisanda kuqalisa, yaba yinto ethandwa kakhulu, njengabachwephesha basekhaya bafumana ithuba lokuzenza amathoyizi enkuni, bafezekisa iteknoloji, basebenzisa imibala ebomvu yokudweba.

Ekuqaleni, abaphathi babethuliswa, baza batya iipopi ekhaya, ngoko kwiindibano zocweyo, kamva baqalisa ukusebenza kwiifeksi, benza amagosa amakhulu.

ISemenov ibizwa ngokuba yi "capital capital of spoonbills" yaseRashiya, kwaye iidonki zokuzala azikho kwindawo yokuqala ekuveliseni iimveliso zokhuni. Zenziwe kwintlango evela kwiipuni ezenziwe. Ngethuba lexesha, ekufumaneni amava odonga aseRashiya avela kumathente asekuhlaleni, abachwebi basekhaya bazisa izixhobo zabo ezibonakalayo kumzobo weMatryoshka doll. Umfanekiso wekotoni eqaqambileyo iyaqaphela, ukufumana ukuthandwa kuphela eRashiya, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuzalwa komdlalo wokudlala

I-Semenovskaya matryoshka yokuqala yazalwa, ibali lichazwe kwinqaku, kwisifunda saseSemenov kwidolophana yamaTala aMandulo - iMerinovo, iNizhny Novgorod. Abemi abaninzi baseMerino bafumana ukuthengiswa kweempahla zokhuni, iifokethi ezinokuthi zenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezenzelwe ukurhweba kwezinto zokudlala ezingenangqondo, kwaye emva koko i-matryoshkas.

Kakade ngowe-1929, iipilisi ze-matryoshka zaveliswa ngesitayela esiqinileyo seSemyonov - kunye nepeyinti ekhethekileyo, ngefom ekhethekileyo, kwisitayela seZavolzhsky sobugcisa bokhuni. Iimitha zokuqala zokudlala ezenza izi dollo zazingamaVagin, abenzi bokudala beMerino. Iidokodo zabo zokuqala zahlonywa kwiimpawu ezifanayo ezivela eNizhny Novgorod - amadoda amadala azinwele kunye ne-muzhiks.

Omnye uMerinovsky inkosi - umdlalo wokudlala umdlalo iMeorvv, wabuyisa ekhaya idokodo elifanayo laseNizhny Novgorod, kuphela kwaba yintlampi, ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Intombi endala yenkosi yatyhila idonsa ngendlela yakhe, wayigqoke kwi- sarafan yaseRashiya eneentyantyambo ebomvu ebomvu kwi-apron, "egqoke" i-kokoshnik ekhanyayo entloko yakhe. Ngoko kwabonakala kubonwe iMotryoshka idodoli, kakuhle, kwaye kunye nomdwebo weMerinovo kwavela ifom ekhethekileyo yale nto yokudlala. Ngako oko kwenzeka umdaka waseMatryoshka.

Bonke kunye nabo eSemenov, inani elikhulu lezinye izinto zokuzonwabisa zenziwe ngamatye. Iipende zenziwe ngabaculi bazo zonke iifayile zohlobo lwe Khokhloma. Imidwebo ebusweni beemveliso zokhuni kwasekuqaleni yayilula, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, umhlobiso wawugcwele imibala eqaqambileyo, izinto ezinzima ngakumbi, kwaye zongezwa iipateni ezintle. I-matryoshka ye-Semenovskaya yokhuni yaba yinto emnandi kakhulu kwaye ibalabala.

Indlela yokwenza iidonki zokuzala

UMatryoshka ungenanto ngaphakathi kwidonki. Oku sele kusenza sicinge ngobuchule obukhulu beengcweti ezenzayo. I-Matryoshka inzima kakhulu, idinga ubuchule obude kunye nomonde. Hayi zonke iintlobo zokhuni ezifanelekileyo ukuvelisa, ngoko inkosi inzima kakhulu ngokukhetha imithi. Ngokuqhelekileyo basebenzisa iintlobo ezifana ne-birch, i-linden, i-aspen, ngamanye amaxesha i- alder. Umthi unqunywe ngasekupheleni kwebusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Khetha umgqomo uqonde, ungenawo amaqhina, atyunjwa kwiingodo ezininzi, emva koko awususe i-bark, kwaye ngoko ukuba umthi awuyi kutyumba, xa udilika, imiphetho ifakwe ngodongwe. Emva kokugcina ukhuni kwindawo efanelekileyo yomoya, lomekile ixesha elide, kodwa lingadli. "Umthi uphawula - yiloo nto oyifunayo!" - uthi inkosi, kwaye uyayihlola ukuba iphunga. Ukunyuswa okuchanekileyo kunye nekhono, uyakhupha ifom efunwayo yemveliso, okokuqala matryoshka yenza incinci. Umzobo ogqityiweyo oqingqiweyo uphantsi komhlaba, ulungisiwe kwaye uphonyiwe. Kuphela emva kokuqala ukudweba ubuso usebenzisa i-gouache, i-watercolor, iiprikisi ze-acrylic okanye zeoli.

Umbala obalaseleyo wobugcisa

Umzobo weedemoni ze-Semenov zokudoba zenziwe kwinqanaba elidumileyo leSemyonov Khokhloma, izinto zokudweba kunye neemeti ze-Ancient Rus zisetyenzisiweyo. Zizinto zangaphandle, izinto zokuhlobisa ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni isikhumbuzo.

Iipopi zokuqala zenzelwe abantwana abasetyhini, ngoko babetwe ngeepateni ezilula. Ngomnxeba weentsiba ezibukhali, abaculi basebenzisa izambatho zobuso kunye neengubo, ke zonke izinto zenziwe ngeepilisi ze-aniline zemibala ebomvu, ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza kunye ne-lilac. Isiseko se-Semenovskaya matreshka ukudweba ngeentyantyambo ezinkulu eziqhakaziweyo, zithweswe izithsaba, izangqa, izindebe, iintyatyambo ezincinci. Ngaphezulu kwe-matryoshka yecwecwe, isalathisi ye-wax yasetyenziswa, kamva i-varnish isetyenziswe.

Oku kuxhalabisa iidloli zemveli, ngeli xesha, iidloli ezikhunjulwayo zaqala ukubonakala kwi-style "yaseRashiya", iilyuettes zazo zizaliswe ngamanani ezembali (iTaras Bulba, Napoleon, Kutuzov). Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubuqu obuziwayo, iintsapho zookumkani (Intsapho yaseRomanovs), iincwadana, abalobi (uGogol, Pushkin, Krylov) kunye namaqhawe amabali abo kunye namabali (Repka, Kolobok) baba ubuso bedoli.

Ilifa lemveli yelizwe

Iimpawu ezininzi zeemenovtsev matryoshchnoe zaba yishishini lokuzalwa. Ii-workshops ze-Semenovsky, i-back-backs kunye nezobugcisa ezidibeneyo kwimboni enye. Ngowe-1954, kwakukho i-artel edibeneyo ethi "Toy", leyo ngo-1960 yayisungulwa ngokutsha njengomveliso. Ukususela kulo mzuzu ukuveliswa kweedokodo ezininzi, i-doll ye-18, i-25 matryoshkas yenziwe. Amatryoshkas amanani amaninzi ayenziwe kwiziganeko ezidumileyo kunye nemihla emikhulu.

Abaphathi be-Semenovsk baveze iidodoli ezili-1600 ezidumile

Kule mini kukho umzobo oyingqayizivele weedokisi ze-Semenovskaya. Imikhumbuzo yangempela yefektri "Imifanekiso ye-Semenovskaya" inokumangalisa ngokubambisa kwayo. Amava nje aseSemenovskie abatshatile i-1600 matryoshkas, kodwa abayeki apho. Njengesikhumbuzo le nto yokudlala ihlale ikhona kwaye iya kuba isipho esihle kakhulu kummandla welizwe lethu nakwamanye amazwe. Oku kubonisa ukuthandwa kwamanye amazwe kumaDokodo aseNtshonalanga.