Ngoobani ngamaKara? Imvelaphi ngamaKara

Ngoobani ngamaKara? Le yenye kwizizwana ezininzi mandulo zehlabathi, linembali nempi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezilishumi elinesibini. Abameli ukuba uhlanga ngoku ifumaneka ePoland, Lithuania kunye Ukraine.

Imbali yabantu

Ngaphezulu 4 yeminyaka BC. e. Ukusuka kwihewu Iranian kwakuhlala izizwe zamaTurkic. Olulandelayo promotion yabo eMpuma, kude kube phakathi waseMesopotamiya. Kule ndawo, izizwe ahlukana. Omnye wabo wabuyela kwelasezantsi, apho uMenzi urhulumente yaseSamariya. Okwesibini ekhokelwa yi-Black Chief layila hlanga elizayo - ngamaKara. Le yinxalenye izizwe bahlala kummandla kwisiphambuka langoku Turkey, Syria kunye Iraq.

Ngaloo mihla, ngamaKara baba kuphela abantu abangafundanga. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ngenxa yoko kwakukho igama. Ngapha koko, igama elithi 'isohlwayo' ngolwimi zokuphila angabamelwane iindawo Semites kwakuthetha ukuba "funda".

Ukutyhubela imbali ubukho bayo, aba bantu ibe yinxalenye ithi ezahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni, kwaba ubukumkani umHeti. Emva kokufa kwakhe - Asiriya. Okulandelayo Karaite abantu yinxalenye ubukumkani bamaPersi kunye Parfanskogo.

Phakathi 2 1 BC kwinkulungwane. e. inxalenye ngamaKara wahlukana kude kubantu bakhe waza wabahlalisa kummandla yakuMbindi Mpuma. Nangona kunjalo, iye yaba nempembelelo yonqulo ebalulekileyo abemi kulo mmandla.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, abantu ngamaKara ekhethwayo ukuba ahlale emiqolombeni. Umzekelo oku ayanceda izixeko ezifana Dzhuft Kale kunye Mangup-Kale. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba Karaite imvelaphi hypothesis le Virgin Mary, owayenqwenela kuzala kuKristu emqolombeni.

Ukuqala ixesha lethu yabalasela inkqubela ngakumbi olu hlanga ukuya emntla. NgamaKara wacanda kummango abaseAfrika waza wahlala kummandla langoku Dagestan. Kusebenze le nkqubo kwenzeka kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe ngexesha ayehlasela Arabhu. NgamaKara ziye Washumayela kunye nezizwe eTurkey. Ngelo xesha, ukuba wadala i Khazar Khanate, leyo zayeka ukubakhona emva kokuba yahlaselwa i iCrimea nangezinto. NgamaKara baphulukana abantu bayo.

Amalungu ale uhlanga beza phantsi kwamandla zabahlaseli. Ngelo xesha kufuphi echithiwe, kodwa abantu cultured ngakumbi, amasiko kuphela nezithethe, kodwa ulwimi abolekwe ukusuka nangezinto. NgamaKara ngaphandle kwesizathu ithathwa abantu abanobuchule. Uqinisekisa ukuba kusekho ulwimi iCrimea AmaTatar uye iiyantlukwano ezinkulu ukusuka ulwimi namanye amalungu bolunye uhlanga elinikiweyo.

Igama elithi "isigwebo" alibhekiseli kuphela ebantwini. Eli gama lisetyenziswa ngokunxulumene nayiphi na abameli ubuzwe abathi ngamaKara iimfundiso.

yenkolo

Into yokuba kukho intshukumo efana ngamaKara, kuqala okhankanywe 8 e Baghdad. Yiyo lo mhla xesha emva ukukhankanywa yokuqala ihlelo lonqulo ezithile ananitov zamaYuda. Injongo abahlali ukumanya bonke baye balahlekelwa impembelelo kumaqela abo yamaYuda phantsi kwebhanile lwe antiravvanisticheskogo ulwalathiso. Intloko eli hlelo, Anan Ban uDavide, wathembisa ukuba bonke abalandeli bakhe inkululeko epheleleyo ukufunda iimfundiso kaMoses, ifuna ukuba kuphika le ITalmud, kwakunye ukunqulwa umthetho, njengoko incwadi engcwele kuphela.

Imvelaphi ngamaKara, kwakunye neenkcazelo yokholo lwabo nobomi ubungqina kule ncwadi "Eshkol ha Cofer" ebhaliweyo Yuhudoy Hadassi (1147).

Kulo msebenzi, umbhali ezishwankathelwe izenzo idini kolu hlanga, kwakunye mpikiswano, elenziwe phakathi abameli koluntu kunye namaKristu.

Malunga ngubani ngamaKara, yaye incwadi isixelela "Adderet uEliya", yabhalwa uEliya Ben kuMoses Bashyachi. Kulo msebenzi, nto leyo wakhululwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, oko iqulathe inkcazelo ebanzi malunga nezenza ingxelo yohlanga.

etymology

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "isigwebo" kwilizwe lethu kwakuthetha iqela unqulo kuphela. Libhekisela unqulo bengenanto yakwenza ubuzwe. Konke oko kwatshintsha ngexesha leSoviet. Yaba ixesha xa unqulo engakhankanywanga naphi. Kule nkalo, kwaye kwakukho nokudityaniswa elithi "ngamaKara" ngenxa igama uhlanga labantu.
Ntoni igama elithi "Kara" namhlanje? Kwagqitywa yohlanga ngaphandle ngokuphathelele unqulo. Maxa wambi igama elithi 'isohlwayo' ibonisa ukubandakanya confessional, ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo uhlanga lomntu.

theory lwaya

Ngokutsho kwezinye uqikelelo, uhlanga ngamaKara kuvela yamaYuda ethno-iilwimi iqela washumayela dotalmudichesky kubuYuda. Le ngcamango kuphela de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Kwaye lohlulwe kunye ngamaKara. Namhlanje lo mbono kuxhomekeke ukugxeka ukusuka neenkokeli uhlanga. It ayixhaswanga luninzi amalungu oluntu Karaite. Noko ke, abaxhasi imvelaphi yamaYuda thiyori lisekhona ngoku. Bahlala kwi Ukraine kunye eCrimea.

theory lohlanga

Kukho ingcamango yokuba uhlanga ngamaKara wehla evela Khazars. A Abantu zamaTurkic ephila (7-10 cc.), Guqula kubuYuda.

Le ngcamango yafakwa phambili yi V. Grigorevym (orientalist Russian), wavuka ukusasazeka kwayo ngo-1846 Xa kwinguqulelo kwinkulungwane yama-20 ye-Khazar ngemvelaphi ngamaKara wayiqaphela inzululwazi eSoviet. Bamkele ithiyori enjalo, kwaye ziinkokeli uhlanga, naluphi na uqhagamshelo kubantu bakhe ebuJudeni amaYuda abaphikayo. Noko ke, inkolo ngamaKara Khazar uguqulelo abaninzi kwakuphendulwa ukugxekwa. Ngaphandle landula ubukho izinto zamaTurkic unemvelaphi wabo, bona abavumelani nalo le mbono Khazar. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaba akuvumi nale nguqulo, kunye izazinzulu ezininzi.

Inzala ka Khazars badla Bazibona ngamaKara, Krymchaks namaYuda Mountain. Kwaye olu guqulelo ke unelungelo lokuba khona. Isibakala sokuba ngamaKara, Krymchaks kunye Mountain amaYuda ngeelwimi zabo, ezinye iziqalelo ze Chuvash (Khazar). Ngakwicala le nguqulelo yaye bobakhe unqulo. Krymchaks, kwakunye Khazars, abathi lobuYuda Orthodox ravvanistichesky.

theory zokwenziwa

Kukho nenye impendulo yombuzo ngubani ngamaKara. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwinguqulo idibanisa i zamaTurkic kunye nethiyori kwamaJuda. Ngokutsho kuye, olu hlanga isiphumo wokuxuba Khazar-iCrimea Bulgarians kwaye amaYuda, ngamaKara. Sibeka phambili le ngcamango Yufud Kokizov kunye kulya Casas. Ezi eyaziwa ngamaKara wayesithi uhlanga abameli bawo ukuba, ayikwazanga sibenokubizwa njengendawo Semites ngokupheleleyo zinegazi elibandayo.

Ukuvela eMpuma Yurophu

Kukho ingcamango yokuba ikhulu ambalwa lwethathari Karaite iintsapho ziye yabola Vytautas inkosana Lithuanian ukusuka eCrimea ngenxa yokuhlaliswa babo ulawulo lwakhe. Noko ke, ezinye izazinzulu (Peter Golden, Dan Shapiro Golda Akhiezer) kuli- theory eyahlukileyo yaphakanyiswa. Ngokutsho hypothesis zabo, iminyanya ngamaKara, namhlanje abahlala eMpuma Yurophu, ziye kufika bevela eCrimea. Amshiya ilizwe Lower iVolga kunye kumntla Iran, bengamabanjwa Mongols. Ukongeza, ezinye ngamaKara wafika eYurophu bevela Byzantium, kwakunye evela Ottoman.

Ukufundwa

Ukuze lo mbuzo, "Ngubani na ngamaKara?" Ndazama ukufumana impendulo, neengcali abaninzi abathatha inxaxheba kolu phando womntu. Ngoko ke, semvelaphi Constantin Ikov ngo-1880 sele efunde ezintathu Skulls elinesibini besive nabameli iCrimea yale hlanga. nesiphelo engagungqiyo kwenziwe ngokusekelwe idatha ngamaKara ingabi nawo besive Semites. Bangakwazi kuchazwa brachycephalic.

Ubukhulu yemvelaphi abameli i-Lithuanian ngamaKara aphandwe Yulianom Talko-GRINTZEVICH ngo-1904

Ngowe-1910, oko Kwagqitywa Isazinzulu Vitoldom Shreyberom ukuba isimo sengqondo ubuhlanga ekuyeni ngamaKara Semites kuyathandabuzeka. Olu hlanga, wathabatha kwiqela Finno-Ugric.

Ngowe-1912 SA Weissenberg izifundo ezitsha sele kuqhutywa. Le Isazinzulu wathelekisa iimpawu yabantu amaYuda Krymchaks kunye ngamaKara. Noko ke, wagqiba ekubeni zifana namaqela eentlanga ezimbini zokugqibela.

Polish kunye Lithuanian ngamaKara aphandwe ngo-1934 Korrado Dzhini. Le Isazinzulu weza kwisigqibo malunga uqhagamshelwano kwesi sizwe kunye Chuvash, yaye ngenxa yoko, kunye Khazars kunye Cumans.

Ngowe-1963, AN Pulyanosom yabalasela Kufutshane iimpawu Eastern, okuye imbonakalo yazo Lithuanian ngamaKara (bona ngezantsi ifoto).

iimvavanyo zegazi amalungu eli qela uhlanga ziye zabanjwa ngowe-1968, i-data efunyenwe ibonise yokufana ngamaKara e Lithuania kunye eYiputa, eyaqinisekisa imvelaphi kwezizwe lweMeditera.

Ngowe-1971, Academician V. P. Alekseevym ebibanjwe craniologically isifundo labantu abahlala kwidolophu Khazar Sarkel. Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba abantu Karaite kubangele ukuxubana izizwe endawo Khazars (amaSarmatia, Alans, ngamaGoth).

Kweli thuba ukususela 2005 ukuya 2013. isifundo bayo lotyikityo genetic ngoweqela ngamaKara ezimashumi mabini anesibhozo. Idatha afunyenwe lubonise kuMbindi Mpuma imvelaphi yale isizwe isondele Eastern, Sephardic namaYuda Ashkenazi. Study waqinisekisa Ukufana yaseMpuma Egyptian ngamaKara.

Umahluko omkhulu lwangaphandle lwale uhlanga afakwe ukuphakama avareji, nesifuba esibanzi, iinwele smooth okanye esimfaneleko kancinane kwaye amehlo amnyama. Abaninzi ngamaKara (bona ngezantsi ifoto) kufuneka uqobo sikhula ukuya ezantsi impumlo kunye almond- namehlo ezimilise, leyo ezivelileyo abambalwa.

abameli Ulusu yale uhlanga babe umthunzi umbala otyheli.

Ubuhlobo namaJuda

Kangangethuba elide ngamaKara zigcinwe ingcamango Semitic yemvelaphi yako. Noko ke, abazange simelane inkcubeko yabo yamaYuda. Noko ke, yonke into yatshintsha emva kummandla omiweyo yi ngamaKara, yafakwa uBukhosi Russian. Ekubeni le abameli xesha amaqela njengento ngokobuhlanga simelane ekuhleni ngokwayo amaYuda. Iinkokheli ngamaKara ubuzwe, abantu abaziwayo kwizangqa zenkcubeko nezopolitiko, wabanika iingcamango ukubaphikisa Semitic ngemvelaphi yabantu bakhe. Ukomeleza lo mkhuba kwenzeka kwinkulungwane yama-20. Le miba elilungileyo ezifana:

- enkululekweni, xa zonke izizwe amalungelo alinganayo, ngaphandle amaYuda;
- nokwenziwa kweelwimi, isikhundla ngentetho yesiHebhere kunqulo azise Karaite;
- yenguqu Karaite zizifundiswa kubuKristu;
- dejudaization Karaite labemi.

Abameli abantu abahlala kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union, yaye namhlanje abaqhubeka bephikisa ngokwayo kumaYuda.

inkolo

Karaism yinkqubo syncretic eziquka iinkolelo nezenzo zemikhosi kunye nehlelo. Kwaye kunjalo ke ikufuphi ekufundiseni intshukumo zonqulo ibambelela Anan Ben uDavide. imigaqo yayo esisiseko ingqalelo:
- uthando ummelwane kabani nakuThixo;
- ukunqulwa zonke nemimiselo yokuziphatha, ezithe zanikwa kwiZibhalo Ezingcwele.

Ngelo xesha kulo lonke imbali yabantu ekuthethwa Karaite zonqulo nokunyamezelana. akazange baye intiyo yonqulo nezinye iimfundiso, ukukholelwa ukuba kuphela kulo mzekelo umntu ufanelwe ubomi basezulwini. iimpawu ezinjalo ukuba zonqulo ngamaKara kuma Lithuanian kunye nokusingqongileyo iCrimea kwaye ukuhlanganisa nayo. Ngaphandle ubaxo, singatsho ukuba unqulo kuye kwanceda le hlanga ukulondoloza ingqibelelo abalulo nenkcubeko.

Kwezinye imizi eCrimea kuyenzeka noko ukubona itempile (yindlu yomthandazo) isetyenziswa ngamaKara. On sibonakala isiphathele yinkwenkwezi-kwakubonisa ezintandathu. Noko ke, engabizwanga yesikhungu, kunye kenassa. Namhlanje amaninzi ezi zindlu ishiywe okanye isetyenziselwa injongo eyenzelwe yona.

abameli Famous yesizwe

Ngawo onke amaxesha, abantu zenkcubeko nolunolwazi cinga ngamaKara. abantu abaziwayo beli qela ngokobuhlanga baye benza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso wezenzululwazi noncwadi ehlabathini. Phakathi kwabo Andron Senior ha-Rofe ben Yosef, ababehlala 1260-1320 biennium. Waye-sobulumko negqwetha, umbhali kunye nogqirha, imbongi zonqulo exegete. Uhlobo Andron waba sinengqondo ephilileyo kunye iqonda. Ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe olunzulu yaye ubhetyebhetye, wabhala Mininzi imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Enye yazo ethi "Mivhar" apho izimvo banikwa i iTorah. Lo msebenzi ithathwa enye ilungileyo phakathi Karaite isebenza.

Enye ummeli okhanyayo abantu Karaim yi Abkovich Rafael Avraamovich (1896-1992 gg.). Le yokugqibela hazzan Polish waliseka ngexesha Wroclaw kenassa.

Karaite owaziwayo woluntu, umxhasi kunye van'wankumi yaba Bobovich Sima Solomonovich (1790-1855 gg.). Ngowe-1820, waba yintloko isixeko Yalta. Ngowe-1837, yena kungqinwe njengoko wokuqala iCrimea Gaham, waza wamiselwa ukuba umfundisi abaphezulu ngamaKara.

Phakathi abameli ezigqamileyo yesi sizwe zezibalo adumileyo kunye nenhlalo iinkokeli zomkhosi kunye nabadlali, nabayili bezakhiwo, ootitshala, oogqirha, abasebenzi yeqonga njalo njalo. D.