Apho iintsholongwane ubomi? bacteria yokuhlala

Microbe, eyona encinane emhlabeni, abemi abaninzi ezininzi zomhlaba - iintsholongwane. Le ukuba, ubuncinane, emangalisayo, ebangela umdla kwezenzululwazi ukususela kusungulwe multiple mkhulu izinto (ngemicroscope), ke ekugqibeleni ibonwe uluntu. Ngaphambi koku wathabatha ndawo ngendaleko iintsholongwane ebantwini, oko kuthiwa, "phantsi kwempumlo", kodwa ke akukho mntu ukhathalayo. Kwaye kulilize!

Le midala imvelaphi

Zezona abemi abaninzi bamandulo iplanethi yethu. indawo omdala ushukuxwa iintsholongwane - Umhlaba. Iintsholongwane baba apha kuqala ezivela eziphilayo, ngokutsho kwezinye izazinzulu, malunga emithathu kwiminyaka ezigidi enesiqingatha eyadlulayo (sothelekiso: i ubudala Umhlaba nama-gidi ezine). Oko kukuthi, cishe ethetha, iminyaka iintsholongwane efana ubudala uhlobo ezingqongileyo. Hi ndlela leyi, a imbali ezaziwayo-kakuhle lesintu amashumi nje ezimbalwa amawaka eminyaka. Apha thina "abaselula" xa kuthelekiswa ezi Cya.

Kakhulu amancinci nezininzi

Iintsholongwane nabo zincinane bonke abameli ezaziwayo zasendle. Isibakala sokuba iiseli phantse zonke izinto eziphilayo, ndoxelelwa ngubani nemilinganiselo efanayo. Kodwa hayi iiseli virus. iiseli avareji bacteria imalunga ezilishumi amaxesha incinane iseli avareji, ezifana njengomntu. Ngenxa yale encinane, ukuba nabo abemi kakhulu ezininzi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba lokubolekwa zomhlaba, kuhlala amagciwane kunokuba inani elifanayo yabemi njengoko, ngokomzekelo, abantu kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu.

unyamezelo

Nature, ukudala Igciwane imali kuzo kratya enkulu, ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kwezinye izilwanyana unyamezelo. Ekubeni "yamandulo enzulu" on Earth kwenzeke iintlekele ezininzi, neentsholongwane baye bafunda ukunyamezela. Nanamhlanje, iibhaktheriya okusingqongileyo ophilayo ezahlukeneyo kunjalo, kuba wayenomdla gqitha eziphilayo. Cya ngamanye amaxesha afumaneka kwiindawo apho ngokuqinisekileyo namnye ezinye izidalwa akakwazi ukuhlala.

Apho iintsholongwane ukuphila

Hi xikombiso, abilayo Igiza, apho iqondo lobushushu amanzi ingaba phantse ikhulu degrees ngentla zero. Okanye - kule amachibi komhlaba yeoli, kwakunye ungafanelekanga ukuba ubomi amachibi emuncu, apho iintlanzi okanye nasiphi na isilwanyana uya ngoko nangoko zichithakala nje, - kulapho iintsholongwane ubomi.

Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba zikho ezinye iintlobo iintsholongwane nkqu esithubeni! Hi ndlela leyi, ngokusekelwe kwezi data enye inguqulelo abemi behlabathi ngayo izinto eziphilayo, ingcamango ngemvelaphi ukuphila emhlabeni.

iimbambano

Ukuze sinyamezele iimeko olungeluhle ngawe, ezinye iintsholongwane benza sikuyo. Sinokuthi oku okhethekileyo, ukulala, iifomu kokuphumla. Ngaphambi kokuba azakhele Imbewu, iintsholongwane uqala ukuba zome, ekususeni ulwelo ngokwayo. It yehliswe ubukhulu, ngoxa ngaphakathi iqokobhe layo, Bathiwe wambu kongezwe enye iqokobhe - indalo olukhuselayo. Ngenxa yoko, esi silwanyana inokuba ixesha elide kakhulu, ngendlela efana ngokungathi "ukulinda ngaphandle 'kumaxesha anzima. Emva koko, kuxhomekeka kwindawo ahlala kuyo iintsholongwane - friendly okanye hayi - ukuba bahlaziye ubuchule babo ukuze baphile ngokupheleleyo. Le eyodwa ukukhula kwiimeko ezinzima wafunda ngenyameko zizazinzulu, microbiologists.

ikuyo

Ukuze lo mbuzo, "apho iintsholongwane eziphilayo" unokuphendulwa kakhulu nje: "Phantse kuyo yonke indawo," oko kukuthi, ngeenxa zonke kuthi kuthi, xa umoya, umhlaba, amanzi. Kwaye umntu ngamnye kufika imihla wadibana ezininzi zezidalwa, ngaphandle bengaboni. Phakathi kwazo kukho iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunye olungenelelayo. Kukho uphephile umzimba womntu.

phezu komhlaba

Emhlabeni, iintsholongwane uhlala phi, ukuba nokubakho inani mkhulu. Apha kukho izondlo eziyimfuneko ebomini, kunye nemali kakhulu kwamanzi, akukho kwelanga ngqo. Inkoliso yale ntsholongwane - saprophytes. Bona inxaxheba ukuyilwa yinxalenye ochumileyo umhlaba (nehumasi). Apha, Noko ke, kukho kwakhona kukho magciwane: amagciwane uminxano, yesi sifo, babe igesi kunye nezinye izifo. Ngoko ke ziya kuboniswa umoya namanzi, koko nokosulela abantu abanezi zifo.

Ngenxa yoko, i-arhente ngqi inegciwane kunokuba omkhulu, engena umzimba umhlaba kwi ezahlukeneyo kolusu kwaye replicates kwi anaerobic (oksijini-free) iimeko.

Emanzini

Nokuba apho iintsholongwane ubomi, ngoko ke kwimeko zolwelo. Apha beza, xa bazihlambe kude umhlaba kunye ukuqengqeleka kuphelela emanzini. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngasendleleni, emanzini nokususa na iintsholongwane ngaphantsi kakhulu ku-emhlabeni. A amanzi plain ukusuka ichibi okanye umlambo ube eliphakathi bahlala apho iintsholongwane, beka ukwanda kwezifo ezininzi yingozi: icesina, kholera, segazi, kunye nabanye. Umzekelo, segazi okubangelwa Shigella bacterium iintlobo kunye nomzimba ihamba ukunxila okanye kakhulu, izilonda emathunjini.

Xa umoya,

Emoyeni, apho aphile iibhaktheriya, benza noko emhlabeni. I-atmosfera linyathelo eliphakathi kwi ukufuduka ezincinane, ngoko ngeke nto - ngenxa yokunqongophala sondlo kunye nokungabikho ukufuma - indawo yokuhlala esisigxina lwegciwane. Le ntsholongwane ufake umoya kunye eluthulini, amathontsi ezincinane amanzi, kodwa emva koko - ezinza ekugqibeleni, emhlabeni. Noko ke, kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi - ezinkulu iindawo zenqila, umzekelo - inani ezincinane eziqulethwe emoyeni kuba mkhulu, ingakumbi ehlotyeni. Yaye umoya ngokwawo awukwazi ukukhonza njengolwimi apho uhlala iintsholongwane, zonke iintlobo zosulelo. Ezinye zazo zezi: isifo somqala omhlophe, unkonkonko. Njengoko kwakunye nesifo okubangelwa tubercle lesifo.

per capita

On kwesikhumba lomntu lweentlobo ezininzi ezincinane. Kodwa ke edyokhweni zisasazwe-moya. Kukho bacterium "ozithandayo" iindawo, kodwa kukho iindawo efana entlango eyintlango. Kwaye, ngokwe izazinzulu, akunguye uninzi micro-eziphilayo ezihlala ulusu lwabantu ngolunya. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, besenza uhlobo imisebenzi zokhuselo ukulungiselela abantu kwiintsholongwane ezijongwa ezinobungozi. Ku angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi ukuba inzalo ngokugqithiseleyo nobunyulu - ayilunganga kangaka (Kakade ke, indlela elula imithetho yococeko khange irhoxisiwe). Unguyena mncinanana kubo bonke intsholongwane lo mntu ngasemva auricles. Imali esisiseko - phezu kunene (apho iintlobo ukuya ku 45). A lot of iintsholongwane uhlala inwebu yangaphakathi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-kwiindawo ezimanzi apho baziva bekhululekile kakhulu. Kule owomileyo (palms, neempundu) - kwiimeko zentlalo ayifaneleki ngokupheleleyo ezincane.

phakathi kwethu

Ngokutsho oogqirha, microbiologists, kwi ethunjini lomntu likhaya malunga ezintathu buziikhilogram iintsholongwane! Kodwa ngokwamanani - umkhosi omkhulu, ngalo ukuba kwabalelwa. Nangona kunjalo, le ntsholongwane - abamelwane smart. Ubuninzi yokuhlala emzimbeni womntu (kunye nezinye ezanyisayo) - luncedo kunye nokuphumeza ebumelwaneni ngoxolo "iinkosi". Ezinye - yesisu. Abanye - ukwenza imisebenzi zokhuseleko: ngenxa yezenzo zabo amagciwane xa bezama ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza yatshatyalaliswa kwintsimi abamangalelwa. 99% yabantu - Bifidobacterium kunye Bacteroides. A enterococci, E. coli (leyo ngoku ebangela isifo) ezingezoze - ukusuka malunga-1 ukuya kwi-10%. Bephantsi kweemeko ezinzima kunokubangela iintlobo zezifo, kodwa abantu abasempilweni enze imisebenzi luncedo. Kunjalo kukho baphile fungi ezahlukeneyo staphylococci, ezinokuba izifo. Kodwa ikakhulu kwisiqwenga zesisu kukho ulungelelwano bacteriological, esifana nesimo ekujongwe exhasa impilo yabantu kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo. A amagciwane e okukwazi ngokwanelisayo aphezulu eZiphiwo ukungena kunye nomonakalo.