Emathafeni - indawo zendalo. ingcaciso emfutshane

Emathafeni - uphi na? Asingabo bonke bayakwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo obonakala ulula. Kodwa nantsi eyona nyaniso. Emathafeni - i indawo zendalo (ingakumbi, uhlobo imimandla), edulusele entla kotyani yehlathi. Umhlaba kukho permafrost, akuthethi bazalise komlambo ulwandle amanzi. cover ikhephu enqabile kuma-50 cm, yaye ngamanye amaxesha akawuvingca emhlabeni. Permafrost nomoya rhoqo Bazomelezela nefuthe elibi ngokutyeba (wamatye, hayi ixesha lokuba 'ukuvuthwa "ehlotyeni, ize iphetshethwe ngumoya phandle nto zibambene).

Le etymology lo gama

Enyanisweni, lo kumathafa - ingqiqo esifana ngazo. Kusekho kufuneka ethile ingcaciso. Emathafeni eneneni kuba ezahlukeneyo: Amathafa, umgquba, onamatye. Ukususela ngasentla ukuba lelona Arctic entlango, kodwa icala lasemzantsi ekuqaleni Arctic. Eyona iphambili yale migxobhozo kumathafa zithathwa ukufuma phezulu, permafrost kunye nemimoya enamandla. Le uhlaza kukho kwaphela noko. Izityalo acofiweyo emhlabeni, ukwakha Namagatya ezininzi ezinxityelelanisiweyo (isityalo "umqamelo").

kanye Ingcamango (i etymology kwekota) lathathwa eFinland: igama tunturi lithetha "intaba ukubonakalsa." Ukuze ixesha elide kubhekwe njengembonakaliso zephondo ngokusesikweni kwamkelwa. Mhlawumbi njengengqiqo uthathe njengengcambu Karamzin, awayemi wabulela ukuba "ilizwi kufuneka kwisigama sethu," ngenxa yokuba ngaphandle kunzima ukuchonga ububanzi balo, phantsi, ithafa ukubonakalsa, sene moss, nenokuthi bethetha abahambi, zejografi ziimbongi.

ngezigaba

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, Umbala - le ngcamango ngokubanzi. Enyanisweni, yahlulelwe kwii zayimimandla emithathu eziphambili: i-Arctic, umbindi kunye esemazantsi. Cinga kubo iinkcukacha kancinci.

1. emathafeni Arctic. Le aluhlaza subband (ubukhulu). semishrubs Lubonakala komqamelo iintlobo kunye ubulembu. "Ukuchaneka" of amatyholo apho. It has a lot of amabala angqine nodongwe kunye permafrost samadoda iindonga.

2. Avareji Tundra (ebizwa boqobo) becala moss. Kufuphi amachibi kukho sedge uhlaza i zengca uNothozamile kunye nokutya okuziinkozo. Apha ungabona imingcunube nezinambuzane imithi ezinde, nenomlanga, ulele, ubulembu ifihliwe.

3. South emathafeni - ubukhulu becala ndawo athe tshitshilili. Le uhlaza apha kuxhomekeke wobude.

sezulu

Imozulu kakhulu ngqwabalala (Arctic). Kungenxa yoko le nto izilwanyana kumathafa inqabile - hayi zonke izilwanyana banako ukwenza umoya onamandla kubanda kangaka. kunqabile kakhulu, kukho abameli zezilo ezinkulu. Ekubeni isambuku kumathafa kubekwe ngasentla kweArctic Circle, ubusika nje kuphela kakhulu ngakumbi kakhulu, kodwa ixesha elide. Abayi kuthatha iinyanga ezintathu, njengesiqhelo, kodwa ngokuphindwe elide (ebizwa ngokuba ngobusuku polar). Ngeli xesha, ingakumbi kumathafa abandayo. sezulu Continental lisibeka ubungqongqo lasebusika. Ebusika, ubushushu avareji kwi kumathafa ngu -30 ° C (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngezantsi, leyo asinto ingaqhelekanga).

Njengoko umthetho, imozulu ehlotyeni kwi kumathafa ayikho (kuba mfutshane kakhulu). Agasti ithathwa inyanga lobushushu. Iqondo lobushushu avareji ngeli xesha + 7-10 ° C. Nantso uhlaza iza kubomi Agasti.

Flora, izilwanyana

Emathafeni - bubukumkani ubulembu kunye ulele. Ngamanye amaxesha ungabona angiosperms (uninzi okuziinkozo esezantsi), amatyholo ephantsi, imithi, nenomlanga (ezinde, willow). abameli imifuziselo yehlabathi izilwanyana - kunyuke impungutye le, icaribou, ingcuka, iigusha bighorn, nembila, lemming. Afumaneka eyetundra neentaka: ezimhlophe-ezinamaphiko plover, ngeplantain eLapland, ptarmigan, nefubesi ngekhephu, plover, Snow Bunting, Pipit Red-umqala.

Emathafeni - le "isiphelo zehlabathi", umanzi abanobutyebi intlanzi (whitefish, whitefish, Sisco, inconnu). Izirhubuluzi neze: ngenxa lobushushu eliphantsi ubuchule zinegazi elibandayo ukuphila nje akunakwenzeka.