Mongol-Tatar ukuhlaselwa

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIII in Asia naseYurophu iye yawa enye ayehlasela mbuya. I Mongols namoyisa omnye ilizwe emva kwenye. Kungekudala wafika kwimida eRashiya.

Yonke le nto yaqala ngo-1206, xa izikhulu Mongol onyuliweyo umlawuli Genghis Khan. Ngelo xesha sele wayedume omkhulu phakathi Mongols, kwaye abanye umxakatho wethu uza. Umlawuli omtsha kumanyana phantsi kolawulo kwezizwe zakhe ezininzi, kuquka omnye aba AmaTatar inkulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto iphulo ngxwaba Genghis Khan, yaye kamva nomzukulwana wakhe Batu eyaziwa ngokuba Mongol-Tatar lokuhlasela.

Ngo 1223 i abasemathanga yayoyisa China, Central Asia and Transcaucasia. Xa sifike emaqeleni Azov, i Mongols weza ngxabano kunye Polovtsy, owayebizwa wabanceda wabathetheli Russian. NgoMeyi 1223 imikhosi emanyeneyo badibana utshaba on the Kalka River. Rusichi lahluleka ezinkulu: Ngokutsho chroniclers, waqhubeka ephila omnye kuphela ezilishumi. Indlela eya eKiev kunye nezinye izixeko zavuleka. Kodwa ke kunye Ezomva Mongols wambetha iVolga Bulgars. Bediniwe yi abasemathanga kuhambo olude wagqiba ekubeni tie umlo entsha, yabuyela ekhaya. Tatar malinge elinye ixesha.

Singena ku Russia kunye neziphumo zawo

Ngowe-1227, Genghis Khan wafa. Yena elandelwa unyana wakhe Ogedei, leyo kungekudala waqalisa ukucinga ngayo amaphulo amatsha. Ngo-1235 kule Kurultai elandelayo (kwinkongolo ngabafo) wagqiba ukuya ngasentshona. Winter 1237 aweza Mongol babesele kwimida Ryazan ubulawuli. Umzukulwana Genghis Khan Batu, awonisa eli phulo, lufune umnqwazi abathetheli Ryazan. Benqaba waza ukulungiselela imfazwe. Le amabutho ukungalingani, kunye Mongols noloyiso. Emva angqingo imini-6 nkobe Ryazan, Ryazan kodwa kudala basixhathise bahlaseli, ukhokela impi.

Phakathi iinkosana Russian kwakungekho umanyano. Nkqu ebusweni kotshaba akacudiswanga, wakwazi ukwenza ubuncinane womanyano ezithile. Oku kube negalelo kwimpumelelo ye Mongols, nto leyo eyahlukileyo ingqeqesho yentsimbi. A indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa kunye nobuchule zokungqinga ababolekwe kwisi-Chinese. Ebudeni beminyaka 1237-1238 ye-Mongol-Tatar hlaselo ikhula. Ngaba eyaphukileyo wasithimba Vladimir-Suzdal seLizwe, ngoko boyisa wehlela ngasemazantsi. Apha nabo kwakufuneka sizibhokoxe umgudu omkhulu. Kuphela enye idolophu encinane Kozelsk akazange angandinikezela utshaba iiveki ezisi-7. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, le Mongols bahlasela Polovtsian Khan, ngubani kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele Hungary.

Ngowe-1239, le abasemathanga bayithwala kumzantsi-ntshona zizilawuli, Russian. Yena woyiswa Pereyaslav kunye Chernigov. Yiza Kiev de Mongols akazange abe nobuganga, kodwa endaweni bahlaselwa eCrimea. emva nje konyaka, i abasemathanga beye iphulo elitsha, eli xesha ukuya ikomkhulu laseRashiya. NgoNovemba 1240 abantu Mongol sele phantsi iindonga Kiev. waqala ekungqingweni. Ukwenza izinto zonakale iinqaba kusetyenziswa oomatshini zokungqinga, i Mongols bangena esixekweni. Kiev sathathwa.

ukuhlasela wave liqengqiwe ukuya ngasentshona, eshiya ukutsha. Watyhutyha ilizwe Compostela kunye Volyn, i Mongols nginqi. Mbuya wakwazi ukoyisa Poland neHungary. ookumkani baseYurophu kwindawo yokothuka. Xa efika Italy, Mongolia wagqiba ukuba umva. Mandla ngokuxhoma phambili abazange babe, ukongeza, ngoDisemba 1241 wafa Khan Ogedei. Ngoko ke Batu wabuyela eRashiya.

Mongol-Tatar ukuwubona kunye neziphumo zalo ilizwe Russian yaba kunzima. intshabalalo Kuku, ukwehla yorhwebo kunye yobugcisa kudala wamlahla Russia. Abathetheli baba akhonze le khans Golden anayo kwaye sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule irhafu kubo nokunceda nemikhankaso. Ngaphandle lwethikh Khan kaThixo (ukufunda nokubhala), akukho namnye kubo nako ukulawula ulawulo lwakhe. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, iziphumo ze-Mongol-Tatar ngalo ukuba Rus baba gangqa nje ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nelahleko ubomi babantu. Esi siganeko wayitshintsha indlela yophuhliso inxalenye enkulu yomhlaba Russian, leyo ngoku Asia ngaphezu yaseYurophu. intshabalalo ezidolophini buthathaka indima yabantu ezidolophini kubomi lizwe yabangela nokulondolozwa elide serfdom, kunokuba eYurophu. Hayi imeko kakhulu kwezolimo, nto leyo eye elide kwaba yendalo.