Ndlela Behaviorist: conditioning bamandulo operative

ndlela Classic behavioristic - yenye imiyalelo eziphambili bengqondo, apho indlela i lokuqaphela kunye umfuniselo isifundo ngayo kwizinto ngaphandle isizathu zezibalo sokudityaniswa ngakumbi phakathi kwala variables. Uphuhliso behaviorism yaba efunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe iindlela zophando ngqo kwi ngezengqondo, utshintsho ukusuka kwizigqibo kwerandi ukuya ngokwezibalo zizizathu. Eli nqaku lichaza: indlela behaviorist i ekufundweni ubuntu, imbali yale ndawo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Le yokugqibela bubonakaliswe umzekelo wokusetyenziswa imigaqo yokuziphatha kuphuhliso yenzululwazi kwezopolitiko.

indlela Behaviorist in bengqondo

Behaviorism in bengqondo kuvela ngokusekelwe methodology of bulumko positivism leyo ingqalelo injongo zobunzululwazi ukufunda waphawula ngqo. Ngenxa yoko ke, into zokufunda ngengqondo kufuneka ibe ukuziphatha komntu olukhoyo yokwenene, hayi sezingqondweni okanye ienjini, leyo akunakwenzeka ukuba bagcine.

Igama elithi "behaviorism" livela IsiNgesi kwaye kuthetha ukuziphatha "yokuziphatha." Ngoko ke, ukuze ukufunda lo mkhwa xa kwingcingane ukuziphatha - imvelaphi yayo, ukwakhiwa kunye nesakhono ukuze uyilawule. Izenzo kunye abasabela ngayo loo mntu iyunithi ukufunda behaviorism, kwaye yokuziphatha ngokwayo yakhelwe phezu ezaziwayo-kakuhle ifomula "isivuseleli - impendulo".

indlela Behaviorist umntu waba umzimba ulwazi, olusekelwe phezu izifundo zovavanyo yokuziphatha izilwanyana. Abaxhasi le ulwalathiso bengqondo wadala-sikhokelo methodological, injongo, umxholo, iindlela zokufunda, kwakunye neendlela nasekubalungiseni le yokuziphatha. Ezinye theses behaviorism yaba isiseko nezinye izinto zenzululwazi, esinenjongo ukufunda yokuziphatha kwabantu. Kodwa igalelo ingakumbi enkulu yenziwe kwi nangezenzo lokufundisa yaye kufundiswe abantwana.

Abameli behaviorism in bengqondo

Imbali elide yophuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa iindlela zayo lwenzululwazi yophando kunye nonyango yeyona ndlela behaviorist. Abameli yakhe kunye nokufunda imigaqo eziziziqalelo yokuziphatha yezilwanyana weza kwisicelo ngayo le nkqubo ulwazi ebantwini.

Umsunguli behaviorism lakudala D. Watson waba lweli imbono yokuba yokwenene kuphela into babonwe. Ayithabathele ukubaluleka ekufundweni izenzo 4 zokuziphatha kwabantu;

• ukusabela ebonakalayo;
• reactions Hidden (ukucinga);
• ilifa, ukusabela zendalo (umz, yawning);
• reactions ezifihlakeleyo zendalo (iinkqubo zangaphakathi zemisebenzi ebalulekileyo).

Wayeqinisekile ukuba amandla indlela kuxhomekeke ngamandla isivuseleli, kunye nenye iphayiphu ecetywayo ifomula S = R.

Ngumlandeli Watson Thorndike yaqulunqa theory ngakumbi yaye zakhiwe imithetho zilandelayo esisiseko yokuziphatha kwabantu;

• Exercise - ubudlelwane phakathi iimeko kunye osabela ngayo, kuxhomekeka kwinani ukudlala;
• ukulungela - Uhanjiso neemvakalelo-luvo kuxhomekeke kubukho yokulungela lwangaphakathi kuloo mntu;
• associative uchebe - Ukuba le ezininzi zizinto ngamnye ephendulayo ukuya kwenye, abaseleyo iya kubangela indlela efanayo ngakumbi;
• isiphumo - ukuba inyathelo uvelisa ukuba ukuzonwabisa, le lokuziphatha uya kuba rhoqo ngakumbi.

ukuqinisekisa yolwazi iziseko theoretical component le thiyori bobabo sisazinzulu Russian Ivan Pavlov. Yaba nguye lowo empirically wabonisa ukuba izilwanyana bangaba conditioner ikhaliphe, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni ukusetyenziswa zizinto ezithile. Abantu abaninzi bayazi umfuniselo yakhe ekumisweni impendulo moya yenja ekukhanyeni ngohlobo izinkcwe ngaphandle kugunyaziso ngohlobo ukutya.

Kule minyaka ingama-60 uphuhliso behaviorism eyandisiweyo. Ukuba ngaphambili kwabonwa nje iseti reactions ngamnye kwizinto, ukuba ukususela ngoko iqala kusungulo eli cebo kwezinye izinto ezahlukanayo. Umzekelo, E. Tolman, umbhali we behaviorism kwengqondo, ebizwa indlela yokusebenza interim ngokwasengqondweni. Ekuhloleni zabo iimpuku, wabonisa ukuba izilwanyana ukufumana indlela yokuphuma imeyizi endleleni eya feed ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, elandela indlela ngaphambili ayaziwa. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwabonisa ukuba injongo isilwanyana iindlela kubaluleke ngakumbi ukufikelela kuyo.

Imigaqo behaviorism in bengqondo

Ngamafuphi izigqibo bafika ngabameli behaviorism yamandulo, kukho imigaqo ethile yale ndlela:

• zokuziphatha - ke impendulo ngamnye kwizinto zendalo, apho oko akufundisayo (reaction inokuba ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi);
• ubuntu - kukuba amava azuzwe ngumntu nekwakuyinto eyayisenzeka ebomini, kukho iseti zokuziphatha;
• ukuziphatha kwabantu yakha ekuhlaleni, kunokuba iinkqubo zangaphakathi.

Le migaqo - it tezisno amalungiselelo ndlela yamandulo, apho kamva zazivelela kwaye umngeni abalandeli nabagxeki.

iintlobo conditioning

Development Human kwenzeka zokufunda - inkqubo yokufunda kule intsebenziswano kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle. Oku izakhono mechanical, kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo, neemvakalelo. Ngokusekelwe kule meko, yaye yokuziphatha ndakubumba. indlela Behaviorist ucinga iintlobo ezininzi zokufunda, phakathi kuyo edume kakhulu ke operant kunye moya yamandulo.

Operant ubonelela nokwenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe yamava kwabantu, apho naziphi na izenzo zakhe kuya kubangela yokusabela ethile. Ngoko ke, lo mntwana ufunda ukuba liphoseni zokudlala, oko ekukruqulayo abazali.

Classical ongenisa uthetha umntu ukuba isiganeko omnye elilandelayo. Umzekelo, umntwana liyaqonda ukuba esi senzo iya kulandelwa incasa ubisi xa lwebele lukamama. Yeyona kwasekwa umbutho, ogama amalungu enye inzuzo, kulandele ngomnye.

Umlinganiselo isivuseleli kunye nempendulo

Enyanisweni, i-Watson kunye Pavlov ingcamango phantse afanelekileyo ecetywayo kukuba impendulo isivuseleli kuwo (S - R) uyalelwe ukusuka nokulahlwa Psychology izimvo "non-yenzululwazi 'ubukho' yokomoya angabonakaliyo" okungaphakathi komntu. Izifundo lwenziwe kwi izilwanyana kunatyiselwa ubomi engqondweni yomntu.

Kodwa ke uphuhliso le ngcamango wayitshintsha scheme "isivuseleli - impendulo". Ngenxa yoko, Thorndike waphawula ukuba Ithemba kugunyaziso komeleza unxulumano phakathi isivuseleli kunye nempendulo. Ngokusekelwe kulo, umntu wenza isenzo ukuba silinde iziphumo ezidibanisayo okanye ayisebenzisi emibi (HIV kunye nokuqiniswa negative).

E. Tolman kwakhona ingqalelo eli cebo lula kwaye banikela: S - I - R, apho phakathi isivuseleli kunye impendulo ziimpawu ngamnye komzimba bomntu, amava akhe, yofuzo.

Ukufunda ngokwembono behaviorism

Behaviorism yaba sisiseko sokuphuhlisa ndlela yokuziphatha ukuze bengqondo. Nangona le ndawo uze uchonge, kodwa phakathi kwabo kukho umahluko omkhulu. indlela Behavioristic iqwalasela ungubani ngenxa yokuba zokufunda iseti reactions ngaphandle thaca ngokusekelwe apho ukuziphatha generated. Ngenxa yoko, xa behaviorism inentsingiselo kuphela ezo izenzo abonise nangaphandle. indlela yokuziphatha kakhulu ngokubanzi. Oku kuquka imigaqo behaviorism yamandulo, indlela yokuqonda kunye zobuqu, okt. E. ukudityaniswa kwezifundo zokufunda kunye nezenzo zangaphakathi komzimba (iingcinga, iimvakalelo, iindima) ukuthi zidalwe yi-ngamnye kwaye elijongene nayo.

indlela novakalelo kuye okuninzi zokuguqulwa, phakathi kwawo ixhaphakileyo - theory lwentlalo zokufunda Bandura kunye noDavide Rotter. Izazinzulu sinyuse nokuqonda yokuziphatha kwabantu. Ayekholelwa ukuba izenzo ngamnye sizimisele kuphela yimiba yangaphandle, kodwa sifuze lwangaphakathi.

Bandura waphawula ukuba intumekelelo vera ulindelo - njengeyo- zangaphakathi - basebenzisane kunye nomvuzo nokohlwaywa, imiba yangaphandle ngokulinganayo. Kwakhona wayeqinisekile ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukutshintsha ukuziphatha yabo bengaxhomekekanga phantsi kwempembelelo kobudlelwane ehlabathini ngeenxa zonke kuye. Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo - umntu unako ukwenza isicwangciso esitsha isenzo yi kusakhelwa olulula yokuziphatha abanye abantu, nkqu ngaphandle impembelelo yabo ngqo. Ngokutsho umphandi, umntu unendlela eyodwa lokuzimela-ezilawula ukuziphatha kwabo.

J .. Rotter, ukuqulunqa le ngcamango, ecetywayo inkqubo okubonisa ukuziphatha kwabantu. Ngokutsho nzulu, umntu uya kwenza isiseko iimeko 4: imo amandla (ngesidanga amathuba yokuziphatha nakweyiphi stimulus), obulindelekileyo (liqikelela subject ukusekelwa amathuba njengempendulo yokuziphatha lakhe), ixabiso Ukuqinisa (assessment onentsingiselo reaction zobuqu action) kunye nasengqondweni imeko (okusingqongileyo lwangaphandle apho senzo kwenzeka). Ngoko ke, ukuziphatha kuxhomekeka yindibaniselwano ezi zinto zintathu.

Ngenxa yoko, ukufunda ekuhlaleni - lo nokwenziwa lwezakhono kunye nendlela yokuziphatha kweli hlabathi zentlalo, nto leyo ixhomekeke zombini iimeko zangaphandle kunye predispositions angaphakathi ngamnye.

indlela Behavioristic Political

Endaweni ndlela njengesiqhelo zomthetho kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko oye wafunda amaziko zomthetho, ezopolitiko, kwi-50 beza behavioristic. Injongo yawo ukufunda uhlobo ngehambo zopolitiko abantu nabemi kunye namaqela ezopolitiko. Le ndlela wavumela ukuba ngokomgangatho nangokobungakanani ukuhlalutya iinkqubo zopolitiko.

indlela Behaviorist kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko isicelo ekufundweni ukuziphatha ngamnye njengenxalenye yenkqubo kwezopolitiko kunye nokukhuthaza ukuba isivuseleli - iintshukumisa kunye nomdla. Ngenxa kuye, kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko ndaba yixina amagama afana "umntu", "iseti", "inkolelo", "umbono karhulumente", "ukuziphatha labavoti."

The main theses

1. Ugxininiso shift ingqalelo evela kumaziko yezopolitiko ukuziphatha kwabantu ngaphakathi ubomi karhulumente.
2. I-Credo engundoqo: kwezopolitiko inzululwazi kufuneka kananjalo wafunda ulandelwe ngqo ngeendlela enzima olwenziwe.
3. Lo mxholo olongamileyo inxaxheba kwezopolitiko isekelwe phezu orientation engqondweni.
4. Uphononongo wobomi lezopolitiko kufuneka afune ukuba atyhile ubudlelwane unobangela kunye nesiphumo ezikhoyo eluntwini.

Abameli behaviorism kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko

Wabaseki indlela yokuziphatha kupolitiko zezi Charles Merriam, uMnu Gosnell, D. Lasswell. Baya bafika kwisigqibo sokuba iindlela inzululwazi kwezopolitiko ikwazizinto eziyimfuneko ukulawula "kusengqiqweni" kunye nocwangciso kwezentlalo. Ukusebenzisa ingcamango Thurstone ukuzalana ukuziphatha kwabantu kunye nezicwangciso zayo, abaphengululi naphaya ukuze kwinzululwazi lwezopolitiko wavunyelwa ukuba angen 'ephuma uhlalutyo kwamaziko karhulumente njengoko into ephambili yesifundo kuhlahlelo lwamandla, ukuziphatha ezopolitiko, izimvo zoluntu kunye unyulo.

Ukuqhubekeka le ngcamango ifumaneka imisebenzi P. Lazersfelda, B. Barelsona, A. Campbell, D. Stokes kunye nabanye. Bona ngokuhlalutywa inkqubo yonyulo eMelika, washwankathela zokuziphatha kwabantu kuluntu lwedemokrasi beza kwizigqibo ezininzi:

• khona inkoliso abemi kunyulo na ngaphandle kunokuba nomthetho;
• inzala kwezopolitiko kuxhomekeka kumgangatho wemfundo kunye nengeniso yomntu;
• i-avareji ngummi, njengoko umthetho, kakubi unolwazi ngemiba yoluntu yezopolitiko;
• iziphumo zonyulo ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeka iqela ngokunyaniseka;
• inzululwazi lezopolitiko kufuneka ziphuhliswe ukuze kuxhamle iingxaki yokwenene woMntu ngamaxesha obunzima.

Ngoko ke, uphuhliso indlela behaviorist kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko iye yaguqula waza waba kuyimfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe inzululwazi isicelo ubomi nopolitiko loluntu.