Le ngqekembe kuyabiza kakhulu of Russia yamandulo

kuvela wonke urhulumente kule emhlabeni nangayiphi na ixesha yembali, kwathi ekugqibeleni oko kwakufuneka ngaphezu unaniselwano. Ukwandisa ekukhuleni korhwebo kunye ukuvela izixeko ezikhulu ngenkani abalawuli okanye abahlali ukufumana indlela kuphononongwa imveliso. Ngaloo wabumba wobudlelwane emveliso-mali.

Coins of Ancient Rus 'Wabonakala Kiev ubulawuli kwixesha xa urhulumente entsha wavakalelwa imfuneko yobomi.

Imali e Kievan Rus ukuba ayenza lwabo

Phambi izizwe Slavic sasimanyene zibe karhulumente omkhulu - Kievan Rus, kunye nembali ngakumbi yamandulo lizwe kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, yaye yavela zemali ngenxa kubo urhwebo kunye nabanye.

Zemali zindala eRashiya, afumaneka kwi kwintsimi ubulawuli of Kiev, umhla ukusuka 1-3 kwiinkulungwane th AD. e. kwaye ke idenariyo wamaRoma. nezinto ezinjalo afumaneka kwindawo zokuhlala yamandulo, kodwa wabasebenzisa ukuhlawulela nokuxubana okanye izacholo de ayaziwa. Ekubeni ubudlelwane zorhwebo inter-yesizwe baba lomntu wotshintshiselwano enkulu, ixabiso elililo lwe idenariyo kule ndawo iye kufundwe.

Ngoko ke, ingqekembe yamandulo Russia Kuna - ingqiqo esisebenza phezu yemihla yamandulo njengoko imali waseRoma, aseByzantium Arabhu, kwaye uboya of martens, leyo adla ngokusetyenziswa okuhlawulela iimpahla. Uboya nesikhumba kangangexesha elide sasingumba ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali kummandla kumazwe amaninzi.

unemali e Kievan Rus 'waqala ukuba eSwitzerland de kwenkulungwane ye-10 emva kwexesha.

Coins of Kievan Rus

Zemali zokuqala Russia yamandulo, afumaneka kwi kwintsimi ubulawuli of Kiev, inkosana yaba umfanekiso kwicala elinye kunye Ababhali okanye iingalo esintlu-mbini - phezu kwezinye. Baye zazenziwe ngegolide nesiliva, ukuze kwinkulungwane ye-19 izifundo zemali bamandulo kunye nenkcazo yabo yemihla baye banikwa igama "zlatniki" yaye "amaqhosha esilivere".

Umfanekiso ka Prince Vladimir kwi iingqekembe ukususela 980 ngenxa 1015 yaba othi "Vladimir etroneni, nesilivere yakhe." Kwicala reverse uboniswa uphawu lwe Rurik, nto leyo kuguquka kuxhomekeke abusa.

Le yokuqala iingqekembe zesiliva of Russia yamandulo, kwaye kusebenza kubo igama "UAH 'abe etymologies zabo. Ekuqaleni eli gama lalithetha lo bullion yesilivere, lingana iindleko ihashe omnye (go). udidi "Hryvnia isilivere" eyafakwa yemihla ngaloo minyaka. Kamva, xa igagasi imali olu, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba bahambelana imali engamaphepha.

Phantsi Vladimir Great zlatniki kubalwa owaba ubunzima ~ 4.4 g kunye maqhosha esilivere, ubunzima zohlukile grams 1.7 ukuya 4,68. Ukongeza, i-data amanqaku ebhankini yasasazeka kwaye ixabiso zimveliso Kievan Rus ', ukuba nayo ngaphandle izibalo kurhwebo. iingqekembe Gold of Russia yamandulo yenziwa kuphela xa Prince Vladimir, ngoxa abalandeli bakhe kusetyenziselwa ukwenza kuphela zesilivere.

Bomfanekiso obverse umlando Prince Vladimir, kwaye umva - uphawu sokubandakanyeka Rurik yaka-mthetho kwezopolitiko, njengoko ibonisa izifundo kusanda United States igunya layo engundoqo.

Yamaphepha of Russia kwiinkulungwane 11-13

Emva kokufa Vladimir imali Russia yamandulo waqhubeka zetyeleba unyana wakhe Yaroslav (ePrince of Novgorod), eyaziwa embalini phantsi igama Wise.

Ekubeni Orthodox uye basasazeke ulawulo of Kiev, phezu engamaphepha Jaroslav umfanekiso ngoku hayi umthetheli, kunye Saint George, egqalwa inkosi umxhasi yakhe. Ngomhla ngasemva ingqekembe kwaba sekunjalo Ababhali kunye nombhalo ukuba srebro Yaroslav. Emva koko waba ngukumkani eKiev, ayenza zaphela, kwaye hryvnia sele ipateni ledayimani yesilivere.

Le ngqekembe yokugqibela yamandulo Russia (photo ngezantsi - Oleg Svyatoslavich imali) - oko yamaphepha 1083-1094, njengoko ixesha koko imbali yale karhulumente kuthiwa coinless. Ngeli xesha, kwagqitywa ukuba aqhube ubalo hryvnia yesilivere, nto leyo ngenene ingot.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi hryvnia, leyo umahluko ophambili imilo kunye nobunzima. Ngenxa yoko, Kiev Hryvnia na uhlobo a cheroots irhombus, ubunzima wayelingana ~ 160 g KwiziFundo chernigovskaya iphinde (irhombus ifomu echanekileyo zalishumi ~ 195 g), iVolga (ibha iflethi 200 g), Lithuanian (bar notched) kunye Novgorod (bar egudileyo zalishumi 200 g) hryvnia.

Le ngqekembe incinane of Russia yamandulo esese ababevela eYurophu, ekubeni isilivere akatshintshi inkcitho. Ngamaxesha le seLizwe Kiev imali amazwe igama labo - Kuna, nogata, Vaxjo - yaye ixabiso ebusweni babo. Ngenxa yoko, xa kwiinkulungwane 11-12 1 Hryvnia kulinganiswa 20 nogata coon okanye 25, kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-12 - 100 50 Vaxjo okanye coon. Oku kungenxa yokukhula ngokukhawuleza bobabini Kievan Rus, kunye nobudlelwane bayo urhwebo kunye namanye amazwe.

Kukho izimvo zezazinzulu ukuba ngqekembe incinane ingqalelo marten iimfele - coon kunye unomatse - Vaxjo. Enye isikhumba ilingana amabini anesihlanu okanye yamashumi amahlanu hryvnia, kodwa uboya intlawulo ngenkulungwane ye-12 iye yaba lixesha, njengoko intsimbi waqalisa azisukele kun.

Imbonakalo engange

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-12 Kievan Rus ejikeleza ngaphandle kuqala ukuvela "zinqunqwe" imali eyenziwe hryvnia yesilivere. Yaba intonga yesilivere, eziquka 4 iinxalenye "ezinqunqiweyo". iqhekeza ngalinye iinotshi ezibonisa ubunzima yaye ngenxa yoko ixabiso.

Yonke imali engange ayikwazanga kwahlulwa kubini amabini, ngoko ke babizwa "poltinas". Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-13, yonke hryvnia baqala ukutshintsha igama "engange", yaye ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14 Baqala esimelela oosiyazi isitampu, amagama abathetheli kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo.

iingqekembe ze Rus Intshabalalo yaMandulo kusetyenziselwa kuphela okuhlawulela iimpahla, kodwa ukuba ahlawule isohlwayo ebuncwaneni amanene. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukubulawa ummi free yena umlinganiselo ephezulu isohlwayo - "Vira", nto leyo kuxabisa 5 hryvnia smerd nganye kwaye ukuya ku-80 hryvnia ukuba indoda elunge. Ngokuba ukonakala inkundla kubekwe isigwebo poluvire. "Poklepna" - isohlwayo culo - wayelingana 12 UAH.

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu kwindawo yokugcina ubuncwane umthetheli ekwakusithiwa "kuqubuda", nomyalelo, nomthetho, epapashwe ngakumbi Yaroslav izazi - "kuqubuda oyinyaniso", ebonisa ubungakanani irhafu erhafiswa kuluntu ngalinye.

Coins Moscow ukubusa

wabaleka "Coinless 'ixesha eliphakathi ka Kievan Rus lwe ngenkulungwane ye-14, xa iinkozo ezintsha eziqalwayo zodumo, eyaziwa ngokuba" imali ". Ngokufuthi, endaweni yokusebenzisa ukwakhiwa iingqekembe zesiliva iGolden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, leyo yagaleleka abalinganiswa Russian. zemali ezincinane bokwenziwa babizwa "poludengi" yaye "chetverettsy", nobhedu - amadike.

Ngeli xesha amanqaku bank engazange abe ixabiso ubuso elaziwayo, ngoxa ezenziwa 1420 imali Novgorod sele kusondela kuyo. Baye eSwitzerland kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 lingatshintshanga - kunye nombhalo "The Great Novgorod".

Ukusuka 1425 kwakukho "imali Pskov," kodwa inkqubo ohlangeneyo imali kwavela kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, xa iintlobo 2 imali zathathwa - eMoscow Novgorod. Saba sisiseko engange ngegama, ixabiso ogama wayelingana 100 200 imali Novgorod kunye eMoscow. I-unit main lemali ubunzima kuseyinto isilivere Hryvnia (204.7 g), ukusuka apho maka iinkozo 2.6 engange.

Kuphela ukusukela ngo-1530 kokuba kunikwe ixabiso umhlathi 1 engange lokugqibela, ethi isetyenziswe kule mini. Kuyinto 100 penny poltina - 50, kwaye torque - 10 iipeni. Le mali incinane - Altyn - wayelingana kopecks 3, 1 penny kufuneka ziyakurhafiswa-4 idenariyo.

Ruble kubalwa eMoscow, yaye imali encinane - in Novgorod kunye Pskov. Ebudeni bolawulo wokugqibela nohlobo Rurik, Fedor, waqalisa zetyeleba idenariyo eMoscow. Coins uthenge ubunzima efanayo kunye nomfanekiso, exela ukwamkelwa kwenkqubo olulodwa lwemali.

Xa amaxesha Polish kunye Swedish imali nomsebenzi kwakhona walahlekelwa olulodwa lwento, kodwa emva kokuba isibhengezo ngo-1613 ze ke ukumkani Romanov iinkozo ubukhosi ithole imbonakalo efanayo kunye nomfanekiso wakhe. Ukususela ekupheleni kuka 1627 Moscow Mint kuphela kweli lizwe.

Coins nezinye principalities

Maxa wambi ubulawuli Russian kubalwa imali. Ukuveliswa ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu le ngqekembe ezifunyenwe emva nguDmitry Donskoy wenza imali yakhe yokuqala, apho baboniswa njengegorha ngekrele owaya. Baye zazenziwe intonga entle zesilivere, nto leyo ethe atshabalalisa ngaphambili. Masters wasebenzisa isixhobo esisodwa kunye nomfanekiso uzilungiselele - khangela, ukususela ifuthe apho iingqekembe zesiliva banikwa ziyalingana, ubunzima kunye noyilo.

Kungekudala hsen kwi umkhweli ithathelwe indawo ngomkhonto, yaye ingqekembe ebizwa ngokuba le "penny."

Kulandele Donskoi zizilawuli, abaninzi baqalisa zetyeleba iingqekembe zabo, obonisa ukuba iinkosana yokubusa. Ngenxa yale ingxabano yaba njengezifanelekileyo imali, nto leyo kunzima kakhulu ukwenza ushishino, ngoko ngokushushu kwenye, kodwa kweli lizwe kwakukho inkqubo enye imali kwavalwa ngaphandle eMoscow.

Resana

Ngaphandle lwemali yonke ekhaya eyayikho eRashiya yakudala, leyo kuthiwa "kunqunyulwa". Kwakunjalo, ukusika dirham IAbbasid Caliphate. Ixabiso obungu "aqingqiweyo" elingana 1/20 le hryvnia, kanye lokuhamba kwaqhubeka de kwenkulungwane ye-12. Yokuduka ingqekembe kunye kwisithuba Kievan Rus ngenxa yokuba lo caliphate uyekile ukuba kubalwa dirhams, yaye "kunqunyulwa" esikhundleni kunoy.

Russia imali kwenkulungwane ye-17

Ukususela ngo 1654, uninzi imali engange poltina, polupoltina kwaye betha i jackpot. Le ngqekembe ezincinane kwakungekho mfuneko.

Engange ngaloo mihla zazenziwe ngesilivere, yaye poltinas ukuba ukufana nabo, ngokuba iiyantlukwano zabo lenza zezobhedu. Kwakhona Polupoltiny baba isilivere iipeni - ubhedu.

Yile ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso kubangele umthetho ukucinga utshintsho ngobhedu ixabiso zesilivere, ngenxa yoko lakhula iimveliso kunye baqala noqhankqalazo. imvukelo Great ngo-1662 e Moscow, ebizwa ngokuba "imvukelo lobhedu" kwakhokelela ekubeni lo mthetho iyekiwe zodumo of iingqekembe zesiliva wachacha.

Peter 1 Reform

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala yokuvuselelwa yokwenene yemali lwaqhutywa yi Peter 1 ngo-1700. Ngenxa yakhe Mint waqalisa zazinegama engange zesilivere, isiqingatha engange, polupoltin Altyn, hryvnia nangobhedu neesenti. ducats Gold wenza. Kubo zazenziwe billets ngeenxa segolide, ezo nto awayebekwe yi izithombe mibhalo kunye nemifanekiso.

Kwakukho elula (w - 3,4 g) kunye chervontsi kabini (6.8g ebonisa Peter 1 kwi obverse naphezu ngasemva ukhozi). Kwakhona ngo-1718 kwafika ingqekembe yokuqala kunye nomfanekiso yexabiso ubuso - dvuhrublevik.

Phantse ingaguqukanga, ezi amahlelo ukuba yaba khona ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yama-20.

Coins of Kievan Rus 'ngoku

Namhlanje, kukho:

• zlatniki Vladimir - 11;

• Serebrenikov Vladimira - ngaphezu kwe-250;
• Serebrenikov Svyatopolka - 50;
• Serebrenikov Yaroslava Mudrogo - 7.

Le ngqekembe kuyabiza kakhulu yamandulo Russia - Vladimir zlatniki (ngaphezu kwe-100 000 $) kunye maqhosha esilivere Yaroslava Mudrogo (60 000 $).

numismatics

Isayensi lifunda iinkozo, ebizwa numismatics. Ngenxa yakhe, abaqokeleli nako ukuphichotha ngokufanelekileyo ixabiso zembali kunye zezimali ngemali. Le ngqekembe zazenziwe of Kievan Rus is on ukubonisa iimyuziyam zembali, apho iindwendwe banokufunda ngembali ayenza kunye ixabiso lentengiso.