Coin iinkundla Russian

Zobisi - iinkampani mveliso uhlobo, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo lo zodumo zemali, imveliso kwee-odolo, iimbasa kunye nezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Imbali lweshishini ingena elidlulileyo elikude, ngemihla kokuqala kweenkqubo emali. Namhlanje zobisi na uhlobo iinkampani eziphakamileyo-zobugcisa avelisa imali ngokucelwa zikaRhulumente Bank. Bonke abenzi basebenza umsebenzi okuyimfihlo kakhulu.

Iintlobo zobisi kunye nentwana imbali

Zobisi ingaba uluntu, abathwali ngaphandle imiyalelo ye-Central Bank. Kukho imibutho yabucala efanayo ngokukodwa xa kusenziwa iimbasa, iibheji kunye amacwecwe mvume. Ngohlobo ngalunye Uphawu lweshishini phambi isitampu lawo elikhethekileyo emalifakwe yonke imali. Okwabantwana iingqekembe karhulumente kunye nohlobo indawo uzimisele usebenzisa uphawu. Sisihlandlo sokuqala kolu didi yemveliso libhalwe BC kwinkulungwane 5. I zobisi okuqala eAthene. Ukususela ngenkulungwane yesi-2 Imveliso BC wasuswa ezweni laseShinare Theseus etempileni Juno. Kakade emva kweminyaka 115 ukususela ekuzalweni kukaKristu zentendelezo bendiye yamaRoma enkundleni. Emva imbonakalo kwezityalo e Rome, Lyon, eConstantinople, bamana bezandlala esasiseSisili kunye Aquileia ehlabathini lonke.

Kwiiyadi yokuqala eRashiya: okucingelwayo zembali

Kakhulu yingxaki ukucinga ukuba yintoni na kwixesha elidlulileyo a Mint. Amafoto ngoxa kwenziwe, imizobo aye alondolozwa. Kukho inawo kuphela. Kukho ubungqina bubonisa ukuba amashishini zadluliselwa ezandleni zabantu zabucala, imisebenzi leyo kwixesha elizayo ukusebenzisa kolawulo olungqongqo. Abantu benza ayenza, ziye zikhululwe iirhafu kunye nemisebenzi. Babenelungelo malunga yokuvalwa kwi utshutshiso kuzo zonke izenzo ngaphandle ukubulala, ukukhuthuza kunye nobuqhophololo. iingxelo zembali zibonisa ukuba zobisi onokuqala kummandla Russia mihla kwixesha elidlulileyo wayesebenza kwizixeko yesiGrike ixesha xa uTheodosius kunye Gorgippia, namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba Anapa. Khondo kweemveliso ezinjalo sele sibonile Derbent kunye Tmutarakani.

Iyadi yokuqala eMoscow: theory and liyavumelana

Ulungelelwano ayenza e Moscow, ngokutsho uqikelelo lokuqala, kunye nophando yaqala ebudeni bolawulo Ivana Donskogo (1362-1389 gg.). Akukho lwazi kule nkundla kunye nendawo yayo ayikho kumanqaku zembali, isibakala ubukho bakhe elasekwa kuphela ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo imali ixesha. imali yokuqala eMoscow zazihonjiswe ngemibhalo Russian kwaye Arabic kuzo zarekhodwa ezininzi uqhagamshelo nestampu yobuchwepheshe wenza.

Ukhankanya yomlando

Coin iinkundla Russian, ubukho yayo ebhalwe ngokusesikweni, yasekwa kwiinkulungwane 14-15. Ngelo xesha, eli lizwe kwakhokelela John III. KweeNkozo lwaqhutywa kuphela eMoscow kodwa kwizixeko ezifana Pskov, Novgorod kunye yaseTver. Phakathi 16 ukuya 17 ubudala ayenza wayenikwe münzmeister. Lo mkhuba ngokubanzi eYurophu. Kukho kwakhona ithi ngenkulungwane ye-15 eMoscow yasebenza namashishini karhulumente nje kuphela, kodwa ke zocweyo malini iinkosana ngamnye uhlobo Kalita. I abhalwe kuqala "I koMlawuli" yadi emva omnye yemali yokuqala kubuyiselo Elena Glinsky kwisithuba ukususela 1535 ngo-1538. Le nkampani elise Varvarka esitratweni. Esi siganeko kwaphawula ukuqala yokumanya inkqubo Russian emali. Zobisi Russia eminyaka eyadlulayo wavelisa efanayo ubunzima kunye nenkangeleko iinkozo, apho kwakufuneka lokufumana yonke indawo karhulumente Russian. Izithombe lwaqhutywa ngesandla, bakhonza njengoko ekufanisweni kwimveliso wire zesilivere. Le ucingo ekuqaleni iziqwenga alinganayo-ertyisi, uze emva koko ndizifaxange. Emva koko indoda iqala ejection manual lwemifanekiso kunye nemibhalo phezu workpieces egudileyo.

Mandla lonke ulawulo lwemali

Ngowe-1595, i-arhente kwabunjwa phantsi imiyalelo igama Money. Umbutho uphumeza ukulawula ayenza egameni likarhulumente. Eli nyathelo isiseko zonke yinye imali kwezoqoqosho. Bonke zobisi, ngelo xesha esebenza kweli lizwe, wafumana ukwalathelwa lwaseburhulumenteni, kwafuneka ukuba bamakishe iimveliso zabo.

• INkundla Moscow - "M" okanye "MO".
• iyadi Novgorod - "B. KODWA ".
• Pskov iyadi - "SS."

amashishini Coin-esebenza ngayo eminyaka Russia 15-20

Impendulo umbuzo ukuba ukuchaza indlela Mint, kwaba lula ukunika emva lweshishini ngalinye wafumana imibala yawo isithsaba sakhe. Chaza zinokwenziwa elandela imveliso, nto leyo ebe negalelo zodumo zemali:

• eyadini Red, okanye Chinese. Le ibekwe kufuphi eludongeni Kitai-Gorod. I obverse kwaye umva le ngqekembe waba uphawu "CD", "SSC", "MM". umsebenzi Production kwisithuba ukususela 1697 ukuya 1979. Yard kuveliswa igolide, nesilivere nobhedu eziinkozo kunye uhlobo yesizwe eyahlukileyo rating. Senza kunye zemali ezikhethekileyo. Mint cash-ukukhululwa ukuba amaphondo Baltic ne-Prussia.
• Kadashevsky iyadi e Kadashevskaya Sloboda. Libizwa ngokuba Hamovnym, Zamoskvoretsky, Navy kunye Admiralty. I obverse kunye ngasemva ubambe "MM" imiqondiso "MD", "MDZ" yaye "DMD", "M" yaye "eMoscow", "Mint Mint." umsebenzi Production kwisithuba ukususela 1701 ukuya 1736. umba abanjwe negolide, nobhedu kunye nesilivere iingqekembe ze kumahlelo ahlukeneyo. iingqekembe zobhedu akhutshwa imveliso ezikhethekileyo yesebe ukususela 1704.
• Kwini kwintendelezo ubhedu kwi yesicelo. Zemali eSwitzerland imiqondiso ezifana "ND" yaye "NDZ", "ndm". Wayesebenza ukususela 1699 ukuya 1727, ekhutshwe imali lwamahlelo.
• St. Petersburg, okanye Imperial, Mint ibisekelwe kummandla inqaba ngo-1724. Wandise iinkozo - i "St Petersburg" yaye "JMP", "SP" yaye "CM". Ndasebenza de kube lelo xesha kwakhululwa imali karhulumente tsarist wayekwa. Yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo iingqekembe zobhedu lenza.
• Ekaterinburg intendelezo ekhutshwe zemali kunye "EM" notation yaye "Yekaterinburg". Wayesebenza kwisithuba ukususela 1727 ukuya 1876. Ukukhutshwa eziinkozo yongezwe izangqa yokuvelisa ezinye zobisi.

Kubalulekile ukukhankanya iinkampani ezifana Imperial Mint kunye Anninsky ( "AM"), Kolyvan ( "KM" yaye "Kolyvan lobhedu") kunye Suzunsky ( "CM") Sestrovetsky ( "CM") kunye Kolpinsky ( "KM"), Tauride ( "into") kunye Tiflissky, Warsaw ( "VM», «MW») kunye Helsingfors.

Production ezingasisebenzisiyo iibheji

Mint uphawu ikuvumela ukuba nini yaye phi wakhutshwa ingqekembe ihlelo ethile. Nangona kunjalo, xa kwimbali iinkundla Russian baba ngokubanzi, ongazange asebenzise nomfuziselo zabo zestampu kwiiyunithi lemali ibala amanye amashishini. Le eyadini bank nezityalo Rosenkranz, i-Paris enkundleni eStrasbourg, kaXhosa kunye Izhora, inkundla eBrussels kunye Avestsky. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye zobisi, ezifana Red okanye St Petersburg, ungasebenzisa umsebenzi nomfuziselo Kadashevsky kunye ngaselwandle Copper weNkundla, neminye imibutho yabo efanayo, leyo zingabi lula kakhulu umsebenzi mbali.

KweeNkozo kwi RSFSR kunye USSR

Xa RSFSR ukuqinisekisa yeyiphi zetyeleba wavelisa imali yanceda nobhalo:

• "AG" --inishiyali Hartmann, lowo ngelo xesha intloko ngokutsha yemali de 1923.
• "PL" --inishiyali Latysheva, umthetheli ukususela 1924.
• "TR" --inishiyali uThomas Ross, ngokutsha oyintloko wemali wenkundla London.

uphawu Mint kwixesha eSoviet Union kweentlobo ezimbini:

• "LMD" okanye "L" - iLeningrad Mint.
• "MMD" okanye "M" - Moscow Mint.

Lo mqondiso wenze kwaye yenza uhlobo uphawu ubandakanyeka weqonga lwemali ethile. Uphawu ukuze abe ngohlobo iileta, okanye ungaboniswa njengomzekelo ifomati monogram okanye uphawu.

Russia yanamhlanje

In Russia mihla, iinkozo zinokufunyanwa le notation ilandelayo: "MMD" yaye "SPMD" - abathetha ngayo kokukhululwa kwabo okanye eMoscow okanye eSt Petersburg Mint. Ukususela ngo-1991, ngomhla imali yokuthatyathwa ukubeka iimpawu ezifana "M", "L", "SSC" yaye "LMD". Ukususela kwixesha lika-1997 - i "M", "C-P" yaye "SSC", "SPMD". Abalinganiswa ezimbini lokugqibela imali ifakwe ngendlela monogram. Coins Russia, ukususela 1997 zinokuhonjiswa magama "M", "C-P", "SSC" yaye "SPMD" monogram ngefomathi. Kwi iinkozo ezincinane kunye iimvaba 1, 5, 10 no-50 cents umqondiso kunokubonwa kwicala lasekunene phantsi uphuphu. Iimpawu "M" yaye "P-P" kwi zemali kunye iimvaba 1, 2 no-5 engange ibekwe phantsi dladla ukhozi ekunene. Monogram "SPMD" kungabonwa engamaphepha zokubhiyizela uMdyarho emahlelweni engange-10 Russian. Le ukwakweli obverse, ngaphantsi nje "10 engange" mazwi.

Njani na umba zemali ngo-2015

Central Bank of Russia, ukususela 1992, nyaka ngamnye ikhupha iinkozo zokubhiyizela ifomati ezixabisekileyo non-anqabileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngendlela kwenziwe umba zemali zotyalo-mali, apho kubalwa ngokupheleleyo amatye anqabileyo. Kulo mzekelo, njengokuba ngaphambili, phezu ngamnye kubo wazala Mint. inkqubo zazinegama oluqhutywa-sikhokelo ukukhutshwa ongundoqo izicwangciso imisebenzi kunyaka odlulileyo. Isicwangciso Coin evunywe yi kubunkokheli be-Central Bank uze ke ngoko ibekwe kwindawo ezisemthethweni yokugqibela. Nganye ingqekembe umqokeleli ekhutshwe nokuba eMoscow okanye eSt Petersburg Mint. Oku lula khangela impendulo yombuzo ukuchaza indlela Mint. Coins ahonjiswe kunye nabalinganiswa ezizodwa, ngoku 4. kuphela I-Central Bank of eli lizwe akanalo ilungelo lokuba ukusasaza iinkozo collectible phakathi kwabantu. Ngomzi eyinhloko Sberbank. Coins ekuqaleni yathengwa iliza lokuqala bamazwe abathi kamva ukuthengisa kubo ngexabiso eqolo.

Izicwangciso Government for 2015

Ngokuhambelana kunye nesicwangciso ukukhutshwa ngo-2015 uya kubanjwa uleqa iintlobo ezimbini lwemali mali. I elinqabileyo Ingqekembe eyi 73 no-12 ezinkozo zokubhiyizela uMdyarho kwentsusa metal ukuze aveliswe unyaka wonke. Kwixesha elizayo, kufuneka baqhubeke imveliso komdyarho, waqala ngaphambili: "City of Military Uzuko" yaye "Outstanding Abantu of Russia". Le ngqekembe kuyabiza kakhulu kwimbali yelizwe lisukela emva 1999 kwaye ixabiso eliphambili eesenti-5. Ixabiso ngqo ayaziwa, kodwa kude idlula sum of 100 lamawaka engange kwi ngotyefezo ezivulekileyo. Ezi zemali ingakumbi ezazithandwa numismatists.