Le ngcamango zoqinisekiso lomgangatho kunye neempawu ezisemgangathweni

Umgangatho - iimpawu yabathengi ibalulekileyo iimpahla okanye iinkonzo. Inqanaba efunekayo aokusetyenziswa ngokusekelwe kweekhrayitheriya emiselwe ngokwawo okanye, umzekelo, abo equlethwe imigangatho karhulumente. Kwezinye iimeko, amanani akhiwa ngokusekelwe ezilindelekileyo yabathengi. Lithetha ukuthini igama elithi "umgangatho" kwi ziingcali eendaba Russian? Yintoni kuba iimpawu zayo eziphambili?

definition yomgangatho

Ingcamango komgangatho abaphandi ezininzi ezinxulumene nokuqokelelwa kwiipropati ezithile, inkangeleko, imiqathango ukusetyenziswa kwempahla, eziziimpawu imveliso ngokwenjongo yayo. uphawu olufanelekileyo ifomu okufunekayo ukuze zifikelelwe imveliso, kokubini kwinqanaba amaxwebhu project, kunye nomba lweepropati yabathengi Rule yale impahla eyenziweyo.

Umgangatho nemakethe

Xa kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho, isigama imfanelo zingqamene kakhulu kunye nemithetho yonikezelo. Oko kukuthi, iimpawu ezahlukahlukeneyo imveliso ixhomekeke ikakhulu le nkonzo. Ukuba umenzi idibana nezi kulindelekileyo, iya kuthenga ezi mpahla. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso elikhulu kwifomula kwaye iindleko zonxibelelwano. Into yokuba umgangatho ophezulu kwempahla, ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya kakhulu kudla umenzi ukuphuhlisa ingqiqo imveliso efunekayo, ukuthenga izinto eziyimfuneko, lokulawula kunikezelo nokwamkelwa imveliso. Ngoko ke, impahla ezikumgangatho ophezulu lithetha rhoqo ukuthengiswa kwayo okwalandela kuluhlu efanelekileyo ixabiso. Umbuzo kukuba ingaba umthengi ukulungele ukuba bathenge imveliso, nangona qualitative, ngexabiso iseti a.

Iimpawu mfanelo

Ingcinga kubandakanya nokumisela iimpawu umgangatho iimpahla, ngokusekelwe ezithile iparameters. Phakathi kwabo:

- Iikhrayitheriya ukonyulwa kwemveliso;

- ukuthembeka imveliso yokusebenza;

- imveliso iimpawu phantsi emgangathweni;

- iindlela zokusebenza;

- buciko sibheno;

- iimpawu imveliso ngokwemiqathango ukuthobela imithetho yamalungelo abenzi kunye nezenzo zomthetho kwicandelo wokhuseleko ipropati yengqondo;

- criteria zokusingqongileyo;

- iimpawu le umba wokhuseleko imveliso.

Ngoku sifunde indlela apho kwenziwa uvavanyo umgangatho iimpahla.

yovavanyo: iindlela injongo

Oku kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ezahlukeneyo iindlela. Cinga ethandwa kakhulu.

Ngoko ke, kukho iindlela Injongo yokuqingqa umgangatho.

Phakathi kwabo nto yokulinganisa. Ukwenza ukuchongwa lwezibonisi lwamanani ezikumgangatho. Ngokusekelwe ulwazi oluthi luqokelelane xa usebenzisa izixhobo zobugcisa kunye nezinye izixhobo zokukala (umz; of wezenzi imichiza). Ukwenza izibonelelo ikhutshwa phandle kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindlela ezazisetyenziswa yovavanyo. Xa zokulinganisela ukubona iimpawu zangaphandle imveliso okanye ezinye iimpawu zayo zokusebenza. Ingcamango esemgangathweni kwemveliso ngenxa imfuneko ukufumanisa kanye efanelekileyo iparameters. Le ndlela yokulinganisa kule ndlela, ibe ezinye endaweni yazo. Ukuchaneka - inzuzo yayo engundoqo.

Kukho indlela ubhaliso ngawo ethengiswayo kuvavanywa esemgangathweni. Oku kusekelwe kusakhelwa nokubala elandelayo iziganeko ezithile, impahla ngeendibano eziveliswa okanye iindleko ezinxulumene nemveliso yazo. Esebenzisa le ndlela ubhaliso inokumiselwa, umzekelo, inani imisebenzi ezingachanekanga kwi iindlela siqalo anokufumaneka kwimveliso. Kwakhona kunye ukubandakanyeka sixhobo kuchazwa iimveliso ukuba iintlobo ezithile, ezifana lokuqala-class kunye lwesibini-class.

Kwezinye iimeko, kunokuba Ingabizwa indlela yokubala. Ingcamango umgangatho bangathungelana, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, hayi kuphela imveliso siphelile, kodwa kwakhona kunye amanqanaba iprojekthi yayo yophuhliso. Ngoko Indlela yokubala zingasetyenziswa ukulinganisa umgangatho iimpahla ezigqityiweyo ngexesha iiplani. Idatha sungula usebenzisa isixhobo esifanelekileyo imithombo yolwazi (umz, nengcombolo iindawo ngamnye okanye iindlela abakhoyo kubume imveliso i) okanye izixhobo ukuba iipropati ezithile (nto leyo, inokuba into ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa lweepropati yokusebenza Product).

heuristics

Ingcamango umgangatho imveliso leyo inokunxulunyaniswa kwane- kokuba uqalile okanye ipoti ye iindlela heuristic ekumiseleni kwiinkcukacha imveliso efanelekileyo.

Phakathi kwabo organoleptic. Uthi ukumisela umgangatho iimpahla, apho indima ephambili idlalwa izivamvo zabantu. Xa ululolonga indlela organoleptic, sifunda ivumba, incasa lwemveliso, ezinye iimpawu zayo emzimbeni. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, umntu esifunda imveliso Ungasebenzisa izincedisi: iimikroskopu, analyzers, microphone, etc ...

Phakathi kwezinye heuristics zeengcali. Ingcamango komgangatho kwempahla nayo kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwayo rhoqo yokumisela iimpawu ezithile imveliso. Indima enkulu nokuqaliswa indlela efanelekileyo yokudlala iingcali - abantu abathe imfundo ekhethekileyo okanye amava kufunwa ngokwemigqaliselo emisela parameters imveliso efunekayo. Uluvo ezi iingcali zingadlala indima egwebayo, kwaye enze umsebenzi nkarhinyana. Kwezinye iimeko, iingcali ziqikelela kubalulekile xa kuthelekiswa iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kunye nezinye heuristics okanye iindlela injongo yophando ezikumgangatho imveliso.

Kuba iindlela heuristic ngokuqhelekileyo ekubhekiselwa lwezenhlalo, nangona ngeendlela ezininzi ezifana nezo ukuba ihlelwa njongo. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo vo, enyanisweni, yathinjwa iindlela zobhaliso. Noko ke, utoliko iziphumo elivumelana criteria heuristic.

Ingcamango kwenkqubo lweemveliso umgangatho kwishishini rhoqo kufuna ukubandakanyeka ubuchule ezininzi ekuthethwa ngayo, kwakunye nezinye neqhelekileyo ekuhlaleni yophando. Konke kuxhomekeke ngeempawu ezithile imveliso kunye nemiqathango yokukhululwa kwakhe kule nkampani.

criteria mfanelo

Inkcazo "umgangatho" kombono, kwakunye ezinye iimpawu zayo kwenzeka eluviweni. Ngoku sifunde iintlobo eziphambili iinqobo phantsi apho kumiselwa kwiinkcukacha imveliso efanelekileyo. Ingcamango umgangatho ibandakanya isifundo iimpawu yempahla ukuba kwabangelwa ukuba inani eliphunguliweyo lweendidi ezingundoqo.

Ngoko ke, kukho imiqathango generalizing. Ezi angaquka, umzekelo, imilinganiselo wemveliso, umthamo wayo, ibakala, izinto mveliso. Indlela zinxulumene iimeko, ekubeni i parameters esihambelanayo kunokuba kanye iqela imveliso efanayo. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba ngamnye kubo kubalulwa nkcukacha ngesakhiwo lwangaphakathi.

Kukho ke iindlela ezintsonkothileyo. Bacebise ukuba yokubala iza kuthatha iimpawu eziliqela imveliso, leyo ezihambelanayo. Oku kunokuba, umzekelo, ubuchule imveliso ukuba sisebenze ngokusebenzisa imithombo yamandla eziliqela, umz, ukusuka lokuphuma kwaye ukusuka ibhetri. umgangatho Product ziqu ingaveliselwa, kwelinye icala, ngokusekelwe inani leeyure yobomi yayo kwebhetri evela ibhetri kwaye ukusuka ibhetri rate yokutshaja kunokwenzeka.

Kukho, yena, engongoma ukuba umgangatho kweempahla. Zingakotshwa ihlelwa ezo ziimpawu imveliso ngokwemiqathango kukuthembeka, inqanaba bhetyebhetye, usetyenziso, emgangathweni okanye, umzekelo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi nqobo zihlukaniswe ngokwaneleyo. Nakuba, Kakade ke, ezinye zazo ingqalelo kwimeko efanayo.

Umzekelo, iimveliso aphezulu-zobugcisa kwiimeko ezininzi iquka intuthuzelo yokuzisebenzisa. Kodwa oku akusoloko kunjalo, njengoko phantsi manufacturability ziyalandeleka ngendlela engalungeleliswanga kuphela ukulawula imveliso, kodwa izinto ngawo. Kusenokwenzeka kakuhle umgangatho ukuba ophantsi ngokubhekiselele izinto ekrwada asetyenziswe imveliso yempahla lula ngakumbi ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kwalowo wenziwa izinto eziphakamileyo-zobugcisa.

Inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho kwi kwishishini

Ingcamango kunye nezalathisi ezisemgangathweni kumashishini mihla, bakholisa ukufumana imilo le nkqubo. Oko kukuthi, iimfuno kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo iimveliso kubonakala uzinze, ukuba ngokutsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kubhalwe imigangatho kunye nezithethe. System quality assurance uhlobo kwamashishini inika ukukhululwa lomgadi impahla ehambelana iipropati isicelo esifunwayo. Ubukho babantu nemigangatho efanayo nemigangatho ukuphucula ukusebenza yemveliso. Ukumiselwa komgangatho kulo mzekelo nako kuthwalelwa phandle phezu ummiselo ngokusemthethweni kwinqanaba. iindlela ezifanelekileyo, ngoko oku kuza kukubophelela hayi kuphela inkampani ethile, kodwa ukuba ushishino olunye okanye uqoqosho lwesizwe ngokubanzi.

Ingcamango zolawulo lomgangatho kufuna ulawulo multi-inyathelo nokukhululwa kwempahla lokuthobela kunye nemigangatho kunye nemimiselo ezivunywe yi urhulumente, ushishino okanye imithombo yasekuhlaleni yomthetho. Funda iimpawu ezifanelekileyo iimpahla enokwenziwa kwi nqanaba wophuhliso lwawo (njengokuba wathi ngasentla), kwakunye nangexesha imveliso okanye ukunikezelwa. izifundo zokulawula umgangatho imveliso kunokuba zombini intra-isakhiwo kunye nabasemagunyeni karhulumente.

Ephambili kurhulumente kunye namashishini

Ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, sibonile ukuba umgangatho imveliso kuqoqosho kwimakethi zingqamene kakhulu kunye nemithetho yonikezelo. Kwelinye icala, abasebenzisi bangacela kuvelisa isethi neenqobo zokugweba ezingqinelana nolindelo zabo kufuneka ziyangqamana eziveliswa omnye okanye olunye uhlobo lweemveliso, kwelinye - umthengi ulindele imveliso ngexabiso elifikelelekayo. Kulo mba, imfuno standardisation kweenkqubo zoshishino, ngokunjalo ukuqinisekisa ulawulo umgangatho iimveliso izakuvela nezoshishino, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo. Ukuba le nkampani akufuneki ukwenza ixabiso iliso yemveliso, akafundi kukhuphiswano.

Kodwa yintoni kuba umdla karhulumente lokubeka emgangathweni lwe-umgangatho amashishini impahla eyenziweyo? Oku kungenziwa kunokucaciswa yezizathu eziliqela.

Okokuqala, komgangatho impahla karhulumente - a yimfuneko lwentlalo. Isibakala sokuba umboleki elindele kwinqanaba zinqwenelekayo ubulunga iimveliso ezithile, idlulisa iimbono zabo kumenzi ngokungathanga ngqo, ngokusebenzisa iindlela zorhwebo ebango. Urhulumente, nayo, unxibelelwano phakathi kwabathengi kunye nomthengisi kwinqanaba kwisifundo Imiyalezo yolwazi ngohlobo imithetho imigangatho ebekiweyo. Ukuthobela nabo kuya kunceda amashishini ukuhambisa iimveliso emarikeni, ngoko kufuneka abantu.

Okwesibini, urhulumente kwiimeko ezininzi - isifundo yobudlelwane bezizwe. umsebenzi wakhe - ukuqinisekisa ukuba nokhuphiswano loqoqosho lwesizwe. Lofezekiso lwemigangatho kumanqanaba ezithile zemveliso isandla kakuhle oku. Into yokuba ishishini enye ayisoloko ukufikelela imimiselo eyimfuneko okhuphiswano kweenkqubo zoshishino. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali abo ukuphuhlisa imigangatho karhulumente, njengoko umthetho, kakuhle iimfuno eziyimfuneko uyazazi kakuhle.

Okwesithathu, emgangathweni kubalulekile ukuba urhulumente ngokwemigaqo kuzinzo amacandelo nkqubo kwezoqoqosho, ingakumbi kushishino. Ukuba kwisityalo ngasinye iya kuvelisa impahla ngokuvisisana nemilinganiselo zabo, ukuba abathengi bemveliso ezinjalo kunokuba ngaphantsi kakhulu ukuba inkampani ngqo ukuya kwimveliso imigangatho karhulumente: i parameters ngeemveliso ezifanelekileyo asimsebenzi nje ehambelana naleyo ukuba iimfuno zabathengi. Imithetho esekwe ngomthetho, uhlobo, ngokuqhelekileyo efanayo lonke ushishino okanye phantsi kwemimiselo wentengiso ukuhambelana imveliso. yokuhlanganisa enjalo lula unxibelelwano kubavelisi kunye nabathengi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, inika inkqubo yoqoqosho oluzinzileyo luphela.

umgangatho weenkonzo

Ngoko ke, siye safunda nezimaphambili ezingundoqo komgangatho, uphawu icandelo lemveliso. Kodwa kukho inala ezinye izinto zomntu mihla, lowo eli gama.

Ngoko ke, xa kufikwa ishishini, kukho ingqiqo umgangatho wenkonzo. Zikunikeza kakhulu eyahlukileyo ukusuka kubonelelo impahla, nangona oku, lo iikhrayitheriya yovavanyo iimpawu ezifanelekileyo becala nga utshatise. Njengoko ngokunjalo iindlela.

Services, ngokungafaniyo impahla, kunzima ukuchaza inkangeleko yazo. Isibakala sokuba into yokuba kwiimeko zabo Uyabubona ngenxa yemisebenzi nomnikeli nkonzo kunokuba ngabanye. komgangatho nkonzo kunokuba umlinganiswa sikhokelo. Kwaye kule ngqiqo unxaxho kunokwenzeka ukususela imilinganiselo ezinqwenelekayo lweshishini sele nga kuxhomekeke ekuphuculeni ukhuphiswano. Barber, nomnikelo abathengi iinwele creative esingayilungisanga ngaphambili kwaziwa kwi zokuzilungisa nga kukulinyusa kwayo kwindawo umthengi.

Ngokuphathelele kwicandelo iinkonzo njengomba njengoko kunjalo ukuvelisa iimpahla emiselwe imithetho yonikezelo ubukhulu becala. Noko ke, iimfuno ezithile ababoneleli beenkonzo client usoloko ufumana empirically qho ngamnye kwaye zisekelwe phezu-avareji ozikhethayo ezisekelwe iminqweno ezibhengeziweyo ngamnye umxhasi, okanye imithetho ezisisigxina kwinqanaba kwemigangatho karhulumente. Kumnikezeli ngeenkonzo, iye kwiimeko ezininzi nenkululeko enkudlwana amaxabiso, umda, njengoko umthetho, kuphela kwinqanaba kokhuphiswano icandelo ethile kwimarike, okanye ukuba isitsha icandelo elincinane, inqanaba kwemfuneko, leyo ixhomekeke yokuhlawula amatyala kunye nezinye iimpawu zentlalo abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kwabathengi.

Inkalo ekuhlaleni ezisemgangathweni

Apho elithi "umgangatho wobomi". Ingcamango yokuba ingacaci yayo kakhulu kutolikwa ngabaphandi. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba zingqamene ngqo ukuya kwinqanaba yengeniso yomntu. Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba "umgangatho wobomi" - le ngqiqo eziphilayo ngaphezulu, awanelanga yokwenza kuqoqosho, njengoko kokusingqongileyo. Ezinye iingcali cinga ngekota efanelekileyo ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa bafezeke amaziko asekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yoko, ingqikelelo umgangatho wemfundo, inqanaba lophuhliso amayeza, wegqitha ngurhulumente imithetho, kunokuba ezinxulumene ngqo kudidi kuthethwa.

Kukho ukutyhilwa nangokwasengqondweni lo gama umbuzo. Ngoko ke, kukho umba "umgangatho ubuntu." abachaza ngayo kwezinye iimeko kunokuba kakhulu ezikhathazayo. iimpawu zobuqu - ke udidi uqikelelo. Ezineempawu ezifanayo engqondweni yenziwe ngabantu ezahlukeneyo ngendlela ayaba, ngokusekelwe kumbono lobuqu eziluncedo kwabo nokufaneleka kwiqumrhu ethile yoluntu.